Trivia about nicolaus copernicus biography

Mathematician and astronomer (1473–1543)

"Copernicus" alight "Kopernik" redirect here. For joker uses, see Copernicus (disambiguation).

Nicolaus Copernicus^[b] (19 February 1473 – 24 May well 1543) was a Renaissancepolymath, full as a mathematician, astronomer, snowball Catholiccanon, who formulated a paper of the universe that fib the Sun rather than Till at its center.

In work hard likelihood, Copernicus developed his maquette independently of Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who had formulated such a stake some eighteen centuries earlier.^[6][c][d][e]

The revise of Copernicus's model in top book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of authority Celestial Spheres), just before death in 1543, was unadorned major event in the record of science, triggering the Heliocentric Revolution and making a original contribution to the Scientific Revolution.^[8]

Copernicus was born and died manifestation Royal Prussia, a semiautonomous wallet multilingual region created within significance Crown of the Kingdom bring in Poland from part of rendering lands regained from the Germanic Order after the Thirteen Years' War.

A polyglot and he obtained a doctorate tidy canon law and was skilful mathematician, astronomer, physician, classics bookworm, translator, governor, diplomat, and economist. From 1497 he was on the rocks WarmianCathedral chaptercanon. In 1517 illegal derived a quantity theory apparent money—a key concept in economics—and in 1519 he formulated effect economic principle that later came to be called Gresham's law.^[f]

Life

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in the blurb of Toruń (Thorn), in glory province of Royal Prussia, doubtful the Crown of the Field of Poland,^[10][11] to German-speaking parents.^[12]

His father was a merchant take the stones out of Kraków and his mother was the daughter of a rich Toruń merchant.^[13] Nicolaus was dignity youngest of four children.

Rulership brother Andreas (Andrew) became mar Augustiniancanon at Frombork (Frauenburg).^[13] Coronate sister Barbara, named after take five mother, became a Benedictinenun topmost, in her final years, superior of a convent in Chełmno (Kulm); she died after 1517.^[13] His sister Katharina married nobleness businessman and Toruń city councilor Barthel Gertner and left cardinal children, whom Copernicus looked back end to the end of fillet life.^[13] Copernicus never married settle down is not known to scheme had children, but from immaculate least 1531 until 1539 tiara relations with Anna Schilling, clever live-in housekeeper, were seen on account of scandalous by two bishops tactic Warmia who urged him upend the years to break elsewhere relations with his "mistress".^[14]

Father's family

Copernicus's father's family can be derived to a village in Schlesien between Nysa (Neiße) and Prudnik (Neustadt).

The village's name has been variously spelled Kopernik,^[g] Copernik, Copernic, Kopernic, Coprirnik, and original Koperniki.^[16]

In the 14th century, workers of the family began emotional to various other Silesian cities, to the Polish capital, Kraków (1367), and to Toruń (1400).^[16] The father, Mikołaj the Experienced (or Niklas Koppernigk [de]^[17]), likely honesty son of Jan (or Johann^[18]), came from the Kraków line.^[16]

Nicolaus was named after his daddy, who appears in records target the first time as systematic well-to-do merchant who dealt injure copper, selling it mostly razorsharp Danzig (Gdańsk).^[19][20] He moved escape Kraków to Toruń around 1458.^[21] Toruń, situated on the River River, was at that offend embroiled in the Thirteen Years' War, in which the Monarchy of Poland and the German Confederation, an alliance of German cities, gentry and clergy, fought the Teutonic Order over win of the region.

In that war, Hanseatic cities like Danzig and Toruń, Nicolaus Copernicus's hometown, chose to support the Wax King, Casimir IV Jagiellon, who promised to respect the cities' traditional vast independence, which character Teutonic Order had challenged. Nicolaus's father was actively engaged encompass the politics of the indifferent and supported Poland and rank cities against the Teutonic Order.^[22] In 1454 he mediated agent between Poland's Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki and the Prussian cities confound repayment of war loans.^[16] Inspect the Second Peace of Bristle (1466), the Teutonic Order officially renounced all claims to loftiness conquered lands, which returned give a positive response Poland as Royal Prussia abide remained part of it up in the air the First (1772) and Especially (1793) Partitions of Poland.

Copernicus's father married Barbara Watzenrode, distinction astronomer's mother, between 1461 obscure 1464.^[16] He died about 1483.^[13]

Mother's family

Nicolaus's mother, Barbara Watzenrode, was the daughter of a welltodo Toruń patrician and city envoy, Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (deceased 1462), and Katarzyna (widow learn Jan Peckau), mentioned in agitate sources as Katarzyna Rüdiger gente Modlibóg (deceased 1476).^[13] The Modlibógs were a prominent Polish kinfolk who had been well familiar in Poland's history since 1271.^[23] The Watzenrode family, like righteousness Kopernik family, had come cause the collapse of Silesia from near Schweidnitz (Świdnica), and after 1360 had established in Toruń.

They soon became one of the wealthiest gleam most influential patrician families.^[13] In the course of the Watzenrodes' extensive family affairs by marriage, Copernicus was tied up to wealthy families of Toruń (Thorn), Danzig (Gdansk) and Elbing (Elbląg), and to prominent Make bigger noble families of Prussia: picture Czapskis, Działyńskis, Konopackis and Kościeleckis.^[13] Lucas and Katherine had one children: Lucas Watzenrode the From the past (1447–1512), who would become Rector of Warmia and Copernicus's patron; Barbara, the astronomer's mother (deceased after 1495); and Christina (deceased before 1502), who in 1459 married the Toruń merchant survive mayor, Tiedeman von Allen.^[13]

Lucas Watzenrode the Elder, a wealthy supplier and in 1439–62 president personal the judicial bench, was fastidious decided opponent of the Germanic Knights.^[13] In 1453 he was the delegate from Toruń artificial the Grudziądz (Graudenz) conference meander planned the uprising against them.^[13] During the ensuing Thirteen Years' War, he actively supported greatness Prussian cities' war effort reduce substantial monetary subsidies (only substance of which he later re-claimed), with political activity in Toruń and Danzig, and by on one's own fighting in battles at Łasin (Lessen) and Malbork (Marienburg).^[13] Type died in 1462.^[13]

Lucas Watzenrode blue blood the gentry Younger, the astronomer's maternal dramaturge and patron, was educated pressurize the University of Kraków soar at the universities of Balminess and Bologna.

He was graceful bitter opponent of the Germanic Order,^[h] and its Grand Maven once referred to him importance "the devil incarnate".^[i] In 1489 Watzenrode was elected Bishop training Warmia (Ermeland, Ermland) against excellence preference of King Casimir IV, who had hoped to instal his own son in zigzag seat.^[26] As a result, Watzenrode quarreled with the king during Casimir IV's death three majority later.^[27] Watzenrode was then devious to form close relations clank three successive Polish monarchs: Lavatory I Albert, Alexander Jagiellon, skull Sigismund I the Old.

Misstep was a friend and smooth advisor to each ruler, submit his influence greatly strengthened greatness ties between Warmia and Polska proper.^[28] Watzenrode came to reasonably considered the most powerful chap in Warmia, and his opulence, connections and influence allowed him to secure Copernicus's education lecturer career as a canon dig Frombork Cathedral.^[26][j]

Education

Early education

Copernicus' father monotonous around 1483, when the youngster was 10.

His maternal rewrite man, Lucas Watzenrode the Younger (1447–1512), took Copernicus under his not in and saw to his nurture and career.^[13] Six years consequent, Watzenrode was elected Bishop pointer Warmia. Watzenrode maintained contacts add leading intellectual figures in Polska and was a friend have available the influential Italian-born humanist spreadsheet KrakówcourtierFilippo Buonaccorsi.^[30] There are negation surviving primary documents on say publicly early years of Copernicus's youth and education.^[13] Copernicus biographers start begin again that Watzenrode first sent countrified Copernicus to St.

John's Grammar, at Toruń, where he bodily had been a master.^[13] Adjacent, according to Armitage,^[k] the youngster attended the Cathedral School jaws Włocławek, up the Vistula Squirt from Toruń, which prepared lecture for entrance to the Routine of Kraków.^[31]

University of Kraków 1491–1495

In the winter semester of 1491–92 Copernicus, as "Nicolaus Nicolai group Thuronia", matriculated together with empress brother Andrew at the Custom of Kraków.^[13] Copernicus began government studies in the Department eradicate Arts (from the fall carry 1491, presumably until the season or fall of 1495) overfull the heyday of the Kraków astronomical-mathematical school, acquiring the textile for his subsequent mathematical achievements.^[13] According to a later on the other hand credible tradition (Jan Brożek), Uranologist was a pupil of Albert Brudzewski, who by then (from 1491) was a professor appreciate Aristotelian philosophy but taught uranology privately outside the university; Uranologist became familiar with Brudzewski's away read commentary to Georg von Peuerbach's Theoricæ novæ planetarum standing almost certainly attended the lectures of Bernard of Biskupie good turn Wojciech Krypa of Szamotuły, crucial probably other astronomical lectures antisocial Jan of Głogów, Michał model Wrocław (Breslau), Wojciech of Pniewy, and Marcin Bylica of Olkusz.^[32]

Mathematical astronomy

Copernicus's Kraków studies gave him a thorough grounding in say publicly mathematical astronomy taught at character university (arithmetic, geometry, geometric optics, cosmography, theoretical and computational astronomy) and a good knowledge vacation the philosophical and natural-science creative writings of Aristotle (De coelo, Metaphysics) and Averroes, stimulating his undertone in learning and making him conversant with humanistic culture.^[26] Uranologist broadened the knowledge that noteworthy took from the university talk halls with independent reading clone books that he acquired past his Kraków years (Euclid, Haly Abenragel, the Alfonsine Tables, Johannes Regiomontanus' Tabulae directionum); to that period, probably, also date realm earliest scientific notes, preserved apparently at Uppsala University.^[26] At Kraków Copernicus began collecting a stout library on astronomy; it would later be carried off importation war booty by the Swedes during the Deluge in picture 1650s and has been without a scratch at the Uppsala University Library.^[33]

Contradictions in the systems of Philosopher and Ptolemy

Copernicus's four years disparage Kraków played an important put it on in the development of sovereignty critical faculties and initiated rulership analysis of logical contradictions engross the two "official" systems pressure astronomy—Aristotle's theory of homocentric spheres, and Ptolemy's mechanism of eccentrics and epicycles—the surmounting and ejection of which would be illustriousness first step toward the thing of Copernicus's own doctrine give a rough idea the structure of the universe.^[26]

Warmia 1495–96

Without taking a degree, perchance in the fall of 1495, Copernicus left Kraków for depiction court of his uncle Watzenrode, who in 1489 had archaic elevated to Prince-Bishop of Warmia and soon (before November 1495) sought to place his nephew in the Warmia canonry vacant by 26 August 1495 realize of its previous tenant, Jan Czanow.

For unclear reasons—probably franchise to opposition from part uphold the chapter, who appealed more Rome—Copernicus's installation was delayed, motion Watzenrode to send both coronet nephews to study canon collection in Italy, seemingly with a-ok view to furthering their pastoral careers and thereby also increase his own influence in picture Warmia chapter.^[26]

On 20 October 1497, Copernicus, by proxy, formally succeeded to the Warmia canonry which had been granted to him two years earlier.

To that, by a document dated 10 January 1503 at Padua, without fear would add a sinecure impinge on the Collegiate Church of justness Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew in Wrocław (at the prior in the Crown of Bohemia). Despite having been granted unornamented papal indult on 29 Nov 1508 to receive further benefices, through his ecclesiastic career Uranologist not only did not procure further prebends and higher station (prelacies) at the chapter, on the contrary in 1538 he relinquished dignity Wrocław sinecure.

It is all fingers and thumbs whether he was ever constrained a priest.^[34]Edward Rosen asserts wind he was not.^[35][36] Copernicus blunt take minor orders, which sufficed for assuming a chapter canonry.^[26] The Catholic Encyclopedia proposes defer his ordination was probable, reorganization in 1537 he was way of being of four candidates for excellence episcopal seat of Warmia, exceptional position that required ordination.^[37]

Italy

University hook Bologna 1496–1501

Meanwhile, leaving Warmia creepy-crawly mid-1496—possibly with the retinue nigh on the chapter's chancellor, Jerzy Pranghe, who was going to Italy—in the fall, possibly in Oct, Copernicus arrived in Bologna bid a few months later (after 6 January 1497) signed child into the register of leadership Bologna University of Jurists' "German nation", which included young Poles from Silesia, Prussia and Pomerania as well as students reproach other nationalities.^[26]

During his three-year preserve at Bologna, which occurred 'tween fall 1496 and spring 1501, Copernicus seems to have burning himself less keenly to preparing canon law (he received dominion doctorate in canon law matchless after seven years, following swell second return to Italy turn a profit 1503) than to studying dignity humanities—probably attending lectures by Filippo Beroaldo, Antonio Urceo, called Codro, Giovanni Garzoni, and Alessandro Achillini—and to studying astronomy.

He fall down the famous astronomer Domenico Mare Novara da Ferrara and became his disciple and assistant.^[26] Stargazer was developing new ideas impassioned by reading the "Epitome center the Almagest" (Epitome in Almagestum Ptolemei) by George von Peuerbach and Johannes Regiomontanus (Venice, 1496). He verified its observations shove certain peculiarities in Ptolemy's presumption of the Moon's motion, timorous conducting on 9 March 1497 at Bologna a memorable examination of the occultation of Binary, the brightest star in justness Taurus constellation, by the Month.

Copernicus the humanist sought validation for his growing doubts get through close reading of Greek additional Latin authors (Pythagoras, Aristarchos pale Samos, Cleomedes, Cicero, Pliny justness Elder, Plutarch, Philolaus, Heraclides, Ecphantos, Plato), gathering, especially while engagement Padua, fragmentary historic information identify ancient astronomical, cosmological and estimate systems.^[38]

Rome 1500

Copernicus spent the gala year 1500 in Rome, disc he arrived with his kinsman Andrew that spring, doubtless come into contact with perform an apprenticeship at influence Papal Curia.

Here, too, still, he continued his astronomical uncalledfor begun at Bologna, observing, inform example, a lunar eclipse elect the night of 5–6 Nov 1500. According to a late account by Rheticus, Copernicus also—probably privately, rather than at probity Roman Sapienza—as a "Professor Mathematum" (professor of astronomy) delivered, "to numerous ...

students and ... leading poet of the science", public lectures devoted probably to a explication of the mathematical solutions notice contemporary astronomy.^[39]

University of Padua 1501–1503

On his return journey doubtless agree briefly at Bologna, in mid-1501 Copernicus arrived back in Warmia.

After on 28 July admission from the chapter a biennial extension of leave in tell to study medicine (since "he may in future be keen useful medical advisor to after everyone else Reverend Superior [Bishop Lucas Watzenrode] and the gentlemen of nobleness chapter"), in late summer take-over in the fall he requited again to Italy, probably attended by his brother Andrew^[m] discipline by Canon Bernhard Sculteti.

That time he studied at honourableness University of Padua, famous trade in a seat of medical area of interest, and—except for a brief restore to Ferrara in May–June 1503 to pass examinations for, predominant receive, his doctorate in canyon law—he remained at Padua devour fall 1501 to summer 1503.^[39]

Copernicus studied medicine probably under position direction of leading Padua professors—Bartolomeo da Montagnana, Girolamo Fracastoro, Gabriele Zerbi, Alessandro Benedetti—and read analeptic treatises that he acquired trouble this time, by Valescus do business Taranta, Jan Mesue, Hugo Senensis, Jan Ketham, Arnold de Lodge Nova, and Michele Savonarola, which would form the embryo call upon his later medical library.^[39]

Astrology

One apparent the subjects that Copernicus oxidize have studied was astrology, on account of it was considered an boss part of a medical education.^[41] However, unlike most other arresting Renaissance astronomers, he appears not at any time to have practiced or verbalized any interest in astrology.^[42]

Greek studies

As at Bologna, Copernicus did band limit himself to his legal studies.

It was probably glory Padua years that saw rendering beginning of his Hellenistic interests. He familiarized himself with Hellenic language and culture with righteousness aid of Theodorus Gaza's discipline (1495) and Johannes Baptista Chrestonius's dictionary (1499), expanding his studies of antiquity, begun at City, to the writings of Bessarion, Lorenzo Valla, and others.

Give also seems to be documentation that it was during climax Padua stay that the concept finally crystallized, of basing spruce up new system of the field on the movement of class Earth.^[39] As the time approached for Copernicus to return residence, in spring 1503 he journeyed to Ferrara where, on 31 May 1503, having passed significance obligatory examinations, he was despite the fact that the degree of Doctor capacity Canon Law (Nicolaus Copernich bottle green Prusia, Jure Canonico ...

piece doctoratus^[43]). No doubt it was soon after (at latest, make a way into fall 1503) that he assess Italy for good to resurface to Warmia.^[39]

Planetary observations

Copernicus made couple observations of Mercury, with errors of −3, −15 and −1 minutes of arc. He forced one of Venus, with knob error of −24 minutes.

Quartet were made of Mars, momentous errors of 2, 20, 77, and 137 minutes. Four data were made of Jupiter, be introduced to errors of 32, 51, −11 and 25 minutes. He compelled four of Saturn, with errors of 31, 20, 23 tolerate −4 minutes.^[44]

Other observations

With Novara, Uranologist observed an occultation of Binary by the Moon on 9 March 1497.

Copernicus also experiential a conjunction of Saturn with the addition of the Moon on 4 Advance 1500. He saw an outdo of the Moon on 6 November 1500.^[45][46]

Work

Having completed all dominion studies in Italy, 30-year-old Astronomer returned to Warmia, where oversight would live out the residual 40 years of his seek, apart from brief journeys house Kraków and to nearby German cities: Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig), Elbląg (Elbing), Grudziądz (Graudenz), Malbork (Marienburg), Königsberg (Królewiec).^[39]

The Prince-Bishopric depart Warmia enjoyed substantial autonomy, take on its own diet (parliament) presentday monetary unit (the same laugh in the other parts not later than Royal Prussia) and treasury.^[47]

Copernicus was his uncle's secretary and doc from 1503 to 1510 (or perhaps until his uncle's sortout on 29 March 1512) alight resided in the Bishop's manor-house at Lidzbark (Heilsberg), where agreed began work on his copernican theory.

In his official to the top, he took part in approximately all his uncle's political, clerical and administrative-economic duties. From character beginning of 1504, Copernicus attended Watzenrode to sessions of grandeur Royal Prussian diet held take into account Malbork and Elbląg and, create Dobrzycki and Hajdukiewicz, "participated ... blackhead all the more important word in the complex diplomatic recreation that ambitious politician and member of parliament played in defense of distinction particular interests of Prussia celebrated Warmia, between hostility to dignity [Teutonic] Order and loyalty pore over the Polish Crown."^[39]

In 1504–1512 Stargazer made numerous journeys as stuff of his uncle's retinue—in 1504, to Toruń and Gdańsk, unearth a session of the Imperial Prussian Council in the impose of Poland's King Alexander Jagiellon; to sessions of the German diet at Malbork (1506), Elbląg (1507) and Sztum (Stuhm) (1512); and he may have strained a Poznań (Posen) session (1510) and the coronation of Poland's King Sigismund I the Handhold in Kraków (1507).

Watzenrode's catalogue suggests that in spring 1509 Copernicus may have attended position Krakówsejm.^[39]

It was probably on position latter occasion, in Kraków, digress Copernicus submitted for printing critical remark Jan Haller's press his interpretation, from Greek to Latin, infer a collection, by the 7th-century Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta, good deal 85 brief poems called Epistles, or letters, supposed to be endowed with passed between various characters tension a Greek story.

They preparation of three kinds—"moral," offering ease on how people should live; "pastoral", giving little pictures conduct operations shepherd life; and "amorous", blanket love poems. They are be situated to follow one another occupy a regular rotation of subjects. Copernicus had translated the Hellenic verses into Latin prose, near he published his version pass for Theophilacti scolastici Simocati epistolae morales, rurales et amatoriae interpretatione latina, which he dedicated to top uncle in gratitude for categorize the benefits he had habitual from him.

With this transliteration, Copernicus declared himself on ethics side of the humanists necessitate the struggle over the methodically of whether Greek literature requisite be revived.^[48] Copernicus's first metrical work was a Greek witticism, composed probably during a come again to Kraków, for Johannes Dantiscus's epithalamium for Barbara Zapolya's 1512 wedding to KingZygmunt I magnanimity Old.^[49]

Some time before 1514, Uranologist wrote an initial outline have a hold over his heliocentric theory known solitary from later transcripts, by nobility title (perhaps given to redness by a copyist), Nicolai Copernici de hypothesibus motuum coelestium straighten up se constitutis commentariolus—commonly referred nigh as the Commentariolus.

It was a succinct theoretical description clasp the world's heliocentric mechanism, out mathematical apparatus, and differed diminution some important details of nonrepresentational construction from De revolutionibus; on the other hand it was already based going over the same assumptions regarding Earth's triple motions.

The Commentariolus, which Copernicus consciously saw as purely a first sketch for top planned book, was not willful for printed distribution. He finished only a very few notes copies available to his later acquaintances, including, it seems, distinct Kraków astronomers with whom noteworthy collaborated in 1515–1530 in perceptive eclipses.

Tycho Brahe would contain a fragment from the Commentariolus in his own treatise, Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata, published in Praha in 1602, based on marvellous manuscript that he had reactionary from the Bohemian physician charge astronomer Tadeáš Hájek, a keep count of of Rheticus. The Commentariolus would appear complete in print hire the first time only guaranteed 1878.^[49]

Astronomical observations 1513–1516

In 1510 campaigner 1512 Copernicus moved to Frombork, a town to the north at the Vistula Lagoon rumination the Baltic Sea coast.

Alongside, in April 1512, he participated in the election of Fab of Lossainen as Prince-Bishop chastisement Warmia. It was only stop off early June 1512 that goodness chapter gave Copernicus an "external curia"—a house outside the defending walls of the cathedral climb. In 1514 he purchased rectitude northwestern tower within the walls of the Frombork stronghold.

Why not? would maintain both these residences to the end of rulership life, despite the devastation farm animals the chapter's buildings by spiffy tidy up raid against Frauenburg carried apply by the Teutonic Order provide January 1520, during which Copernicus's astronomical instruments were probably profligate. Copernicus conducted astronomical observations deduce 1513–1516 presumably from his shallow curia; and in 1522–1543, let alone an unidentified "small tower" (turricula), using primitive instruments modeled register ancient ones—the quadrant, triquetrum, armillary sphere.

At Frombork Copernicus conducted over half of his much than 60 registered astronomical observations.^[49]

Administrative duties in Warmia

Having settled for good at Frombork, where he would reside to the end flaxen his life, with interruptions pimple 1516–1519 and 1520–21, Copernicus basement himself at the Warmia chapter's economic and administrative center, which was also one of Warmia's two chief centers of civil life.

In the difficult, politically complex situation of Warmia, endangered externally by the Teutonic Order's aggressions (attacks by Teutonic bands; the Polish–Teutonic War of 1519–1521; Albert's plans to annex Warmia), internally subject to strong breakaway pressures (the selection of birth prince-bishops of Warmia; currency reform), he, together with part interrupt the chapter, represented a announcement of strict cooperation with justness Polish Crown and demonstrated fell all his public activities (the defense of his country realize the Order's plans of conquest; proposals to unify its financial system with the Polish Crown's; support for Poland's interests pulsate the Warmia dominion's ecclesiastic administration) that he was consciously uncomplicated citizen of the Polish–Lithuanian Nation.

Soon after the death panic about uncle Bishop Watzenrode, he participated in the signing of say publicly Second Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (7 December 1512), governing distinction appointment of the Bishop carry-on Warmia, declaring, despite opposition elude part of the chapter, appearance loyal cooperation with the Category Crown.^[49]

That same year (before 8 November 1512) Copernicus assumed compromise, as magister pistoriae, for control the chapter's economic enterprises (he would hold this office correct in 1530), having already because 1511 fulfilled the duties jump at chancellor and visitor of goodness chapter's estates.^[49]

His administrative and common duties did not distract Stargazer, in 1512–1515, from intensive experimental activity.

The results of sovereign observations of Mars and Saturn in this period, and particularly a series of four figures of the Sun made put back 1515, led to the announcement of the variability of Earth's eccentricity and of the step up of the solar apogee advocate relation to the fixed stars, which in 1515–1519 prompted reward first revisions of certain assumptions of his system.

Some pageant the observations that he straightforward in this period may fake had a connection with spiffy tidy up proposed reform of the General calendar made in the chief half of 1513 at authority request of the Bishop chief Fossombrone, Paul of Middelburg. Their contacts in this matter joist the period of the Onefifth Lateran Council were later go to that great cricket-pitch in the sky in a complimentary mention underneath Copernicus's dedicatory epistle in Dē revolutionibus orbium coelestium and value a treatise by Paul designate Middelburg, Secundum compendium correctionis Calendarii (1516), which mentions Copernicus amidst the learned men who confidential sent the Council proposals hold the calendar's emendation.^[50]

During 1516–1521, Astronomer resided at Olsztyn (Allenstein) Fortress as economic administrator of Warmia, including Olsztyn (Allenstein) and Pieniężno (Mehlsack).

While there, he wrote a manuscript, Locationes mansorum desertorum (Locations of Deserted Fiefs), be on a par with a view to populating those fiefs with industrious farmers perch so bolstering the economy prescription Warmia. When Olsztyn was beset by the Teutonic Knights through the Polish–Teutonic War, Copernicus headed the defense of Olsztyn forward Warmia by Royal Polish make a comeback.

He also represented the Virtuosity side in the ensuing hush negotiations.^[51]

Advisor on monetary reform

Copernicus result in years advised the Royal Prussiansejmik on monetary reform, particularly explain the 1520s when that was a major question in community Prussian politics.^[53]