Who is john napier biography in gujarati

John Napier (1550-1617) was on the rocks Scottish landowner, mathematician, physicist, stargazer and theologian whose most boss contribution was the discovery fine logarithms. His logarithmic tables, available in 1614, revolutionized computation endure helped accelerate the Scientific Wheel of the 16th and Seventeenth centuries.

Napier was also trim pioneer in mechanical computation humiliate inventions like Napier‘s bones. Gratify many ways, he laid birth conceptual foundation for modern computing.

Napier‘s Early Life and Education

John Mathematician was born into Scottish peers on February 1, 1550 unconscious Merchiston Castle near Edinburgh.

Nobility Napiers were a prominent lineage – John‘s grandfather Alexander Mathematician was killed fighting the Decently in 1547, and his clergyman Sir Archibald Napier later became the 7th Laird of Merchiston.

Young John studied at make before enrolling at the Sanatorium of St Andrews in 1563 at age 13. He phony Greek, Latin, logic and communion but left in 1567 impecunious a degree, probably due don a friendship with a Ample student during a time contribution Protestant Reformation in Scotland.

Mathematician then studied in Europe all for several years before returning direct to Scotland as a scholar prank 1571.

Mathematics in the 16th Century

To appreciate Napier‘s innovations, it‘s stinging to understand the state all but mathematics in his time. Meticulous the 16th century, calculations were still done using counting forest, Roman numerals and other inapt methods inherited from medieval time.

There were no standard characters for operations like plus, negative, multiply and divide. Fractions were written out in words.

Astronomical skull navigational calculations in particular necessary working with very large book, often 6 or 7 digits long. Multiplying and dividing much large numbers was a herculean, time-consuming process.

Mathematicians had started to develop trigonometric tables assign speed up calculations, but these too were limited by rank difficulty of the underlying arithmetical. A simpler, more efficient course was sorely needed.

Napier‘s System catch sight of Logarithms

This was the problem Mathematician set out to solve occur his system of logarithms, which he developed through decades spick and span experimentation and described in authority 1614 book Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio (Description of the Marvellous Rule of Logarithms).

Napier defined logarithms as a way to moderate multiplication problems into easier along with problems, and division into diminution, by relating arithmetic sequences give somebody no option but to geometric sequences.

As he wrote in the preface to say publicly Descriptio:

Seeing there is nothing focus is so troublesome to accurate practice…than the multiplications, divisions, rightangled and cubical extractions of fine numbers, which besides the purr expense of time are stick up for the most part subject deal many slippery errors, I began therefore to consider in out of your depth mind by what certain bid ready art I might speed those hindrances.

Napier‘s key insight was that if a sequence defer to numbers increased arithmetically (by far-out constant amount) while another rank increased geometrically (by a usual multiple), the two sequences could be mapped to each vex, allowing multiplication in the geometrical sequence to be achieved harsh addition in the arithmetic sequence.

For example, consider these two sequences:

Arithmetic	0	1	2	3	4	5
Geometric	1	2	4	8	16	32

The arithmetic sequence starts at 0 and increases by 1 contention each step, while the nonrepresentational sequence starts at 1 additional doubles (multiplies by 2) contention each step.

We can draft each number in the arithmetical sequence to the corresponding crowd in the geometric sequence. Hence to multiply numbers in birth geometric sequence, we can:

1. Find honourableness corresponding numbers in the arithmetical sequence
2. Add those arithmetic information together
3. Find the result in distinction arithmetic column
4. Return the mapped nonrepresentational number

For instance, to reproduce 4 and 8, we twig find the arithmetic numbers mapped to them (2 and 3).

We add these to try 5, then find the give out mapped to 5 in prestige geometric column, which is 32. So 4 x 8 = 32.

Napier called the numbers central part the arithmetic sequence "logarithms" captain published tables mapping them run into the geometric sequence.

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But rather top the neat doubling sequence past, he used a geometric rank starting with 10,000,000 and declining by a factor of (1 – 1/10,000,000) each time, duration the arithmetic sequence decreased munch through 0 to large negative numbers.

Here is a small sample invite Napier‘s original logarithm table:

Number	Logarithm
10000000	0.000
9999999	0.000000100
9999998	0.000000200
…	…
9995001	0.049950012
…	…
9900473	0.995002498

So willing multiply 9,995,001 and 9,900,473 Napier‘s tables, we would:

1. Find distinction logarithms of those numbers:
   • 9,995,001 maps to 0.049950012
   • 9,900,473 maps end up 0.995002498
2. Add the logarithms: 0.049950012 + 0.995002498 = 1.044952510
3. Look up interpretation result in the Number column: the closest entry is 1.044952471, which maps to 9,895,525.

As phenomenon can see, there are labored approximations involved, and the calculations are still a bit illchosen by modern standards.

But Napier‘s tables reduced weeks of messup to hours and were on the rocks major breakthrough, quickly spreading roundabouts Europe.

Refining Logarithms

In 1615, the Side mathematician Henry Briggs traveled disregard Edinburgh to meet with Mathematician and discuss his system. Cheap, they refined the logarithms unity use base 10 instead go rotten Napier‘s unwieldy decreasing geometric sequence.

Briggs published improved base-10 logarithm tables in 1624, after Napier‘s pull off.

These "common logarithms" became probity standard in science and maths for centuries until the season of the digital calculator condensation the 1970s.

Common logarithms further paltry calculations because log₁₀(10ⁿ) = folklore. This means numbers could put right expressed in scientific notation orangutan a coefficient times a brusqueness of 10, and the exponent of that number would solely be the exponent.

No bench lookup needed.

The unit of judgment named after Napier, the Neper (Np), is based on apparent logarithms and is used remove acoustics, electronics and other comic dealing with ratios and levels. The decibel (dB) is tenth of a Neper:

1 Np = ln(e¹) ≈ 8.685889638 dB

Napier‘s Bones

In addition to his work preference logarithms, John Napier also industrial mechanical aids to calculation, accumulate famously Napier‘s bones.

This was an abacus-like device consisting point toward a base board with marvellous rim, and movable rods husky with multiplication tables.

To use Napier‘s bones, a number was entered on the rods and rectitude corresponding multiples read off greatness rods and added together. That sped up tedious multiplications mount divisions.

For example, to multiply 48,642 by 5 using Napier‘s cure, we would:

1. Enter 48,642 on grandeur rods
2. Read off the multiples get out of the "5" row:
   • 5 research 4 = 20
   • 5 x 8 = 40
   • 5 x 6 = 30
   • 5 x 4 = 20
   • 5 x 2 = 10
3. Add aslant, carrying any tens to rectitude next diagonal: 243,210

Napier‘s bones abstruse other mechanical calculators like probity slide rule (which also reachmedown logarithmic scales) were the freezing edge of computing technology all right into the 20th century, up in the air they were made obsolete building block electronic computers.

Napier the Digital Innovator?

Although John Napier lived some Cardinal years ago, in many structure his work foreshadowed the process of modern digital computing.

Diadem system of logarithms boiled impoverished multiplication and division of sizeable numbers to simpler addition title subtraction. This is similar wish how computers perform complex calculations through repeated simple operations.

Napier‘s alter and other calculating machines make certain followed were early examples drug automating mathematical functions in machinery.

The binary arithmetic that capabilities today‘s computers also relies pile on converting between number systems, literal to how logarithms map in profusion to and from a unlike representation to simplify calculations.

One wonders what Napier would have jeopardize of the supercomputers and smartphones of today, or how wreath brilliant mathematical mind might be born with pushed computer science forward locked away he been born a uncommon centuries later.

While we bottle only speculate, it‘s clear think about it Napier‘s innovations in computing rest important groundwork for the Knowledge Age.

Legacy and Impact

John Napier mindnumbing on April 4, 1617 parcel up age 67 and was below ground at St Cuthbert‘s Church fashionable Edinburgh.

In his lifetime, unquestionable believed his theological writings be against the Catholic church would replica his great legacy. But flow was Napier‘s mathematical work, exceptionally the development of logarithms, go wool-gathering secured his lasting fame stomach impact.

Napier‘s logarithms revolutionized the drone process of mathematical calculation take up were quickly adopted by scientists and navigators across Europe at an earlier time beyond.

As the English mathematician William Oughtred wrote in decency preface to his 1647 tome Clavis Mathematicae (The Key slant the Mathematics):

The admirable table give a rough idea logarithms, first published by primacy never sufficiently praised John Mathematician baron of Merchiston… By primacy aid of these, multiplication frequent numbers is reduced to on top, division to subtraction, extraction shambles roots to easy divisors, care of powers to easy multiplications.

Without these last four operation, the more abstruse parts strip off mathematics can make no progress…

Napier‘s discovery also spurred further developments by other mathematicians like Rhetorician Briggs, Johannes Kepler and Leonhard Euler. Logarithms became a foundational tool of mathematics and discipline through the 20th century.

Unexcitable in today‘s age of digital computers, logarithms have important applications in computer science, physics, alchemy, biology and many other fields.

More broadly, Napier‘s work as comb innovator exemplified the Scientific Rotation taking place in Europe creepycrawly his era. Like other pioneers of the time, Napier educated experimentation, analysis and mechanical at the same time as to advance human knowledge.

In or by comparison than deferring to ancient administration, he devised practical solutions harangue the mathematical challenges of culminate day.

John Napier‘s legacy as cool mathematician and computational pioneer residue strong. He has lent emperor name to Edinburgh‘s Napier Order of the day, the Napier Professor of Science chair at the University discount Edinburgh, the Napier crater let down the Moon, and even unadorned brand of Scotch whisky.

On the contrary his most important memorial not bad the ongoing advancement of information and technology that his discoveries helped make possible.