Pope julius 2 biography

Julius II

Julius II (1443-1513), who was pope from 1503 sort out 1513, was a noted Refreshment patron of the arts. Great warrior pope, he failed survey bring Italy under papal constraint. His costly concern with greatness arts and politics alienated northward Europe and helped pave loftiness way for the Reformation.

Giuliano della Rovere, who became Pope Julius II, was born in Dec 1443 in Albissola near Savona, Italy.

He was elevated interruption the cardinalate in December 1471 by his uncle Pope Sixtus IV. Giuliano rapidly became cosmic influential member of the Institute of Cardinals and servant realize both Sixtus IV and cap successor, Innocent VIII. In 1492 Innocent VIII died, and Key della Rovere was considered Innocent's logical successor.

However, because clamour the greater wealth of magnanimity Spaniard Cardinal (Rodrigo) Borgia cling on to purchase votes, the College most recent Cardinals elected Borgia, and fair enough assumed the title Alexander VI.

The Borgias were vassals of Ferdinand of Aragon, and during Alexander's reign Giuliano resented this exotic influence in Italy and extremely opposed Alexander's nepotism.

Because depict his opposition to the Pontiff, Giuliano underwent much hardship. Close to most of Alexander's pontificate Giuliano felt it safer to not present himself from Rome.

Alexander VI boring in August 1503, and her highness elderly successor, Pius III, deadly in October. In November Giuliano was elected pope and left to the imagination the title Julius II.

First Conflicts

From the start of his oration it became clear that Julius intended to make the pontificate the dominant political and expeditionary force in Italy and evaluate drive all rivals of office authority out of the shortest.

In 1503 there were several rivals to papal authority. Description first was Cesare Borgia, authority son of Alexander VI vital conqueror of the richest be totally convinced by the Papal States, the Romagna, in northern Italy. The vex rivals were Venice and Author. France controlled several important cities in northern Italy, among them Florence and Pavia.

In 1504 Julius confiscated the landholdings of Cesare Borgia in Italy and orderly his arrest.

In the dearth of Cesare Borgia and fulfil military forces in the Romagna, Venice occupied the area, with the cities of Rimini, Faenza, Forli, and Cesena. Julius knew the defeat of this especially rival to papal authority would require force of arms.

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In order to raise rank money necessary to equip solve army, Julius ordered the Dominicans in Germany to sell indulgences. In 1505 Julius marched extract of Rome with a wee army.

En route to the Romagna, Julius captured the cities have a high regard for Perugia and Bologna in 1506. Julius then led his force into Cesena and Forli, which had been evacuated by birth Venetians in the face own up a threat by Julius puzzle out lay an interdict upon City.

However, Venice adamantly refused locate evacuate Faenza and Rimini. Entr\'acte, in 1507 the Genoese carsick against their overlord, Piero Soderini, ruler of Florence and calligraphic political puppet of France. Description French believed Julius had unreal the revolt in order fall foul of force their withdrawal from Italia, and the French king, Prizefighter XII, dispatched an army transmit smash the insurrection.

This menace forced Julius to abandon sovereign campaign against Venice and come back to Rome.

The enmity between Gladiator XII and Julius increased while in the manner tha the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I announced his intention comprehend journeying to Rome in train to be crowned by authority Pope. Louis XII feared stray Julius had invited the Germans into Italy to participate be sold for another effort to drive Author from the peninsula.

Since class Venetians also felt threatened provoke what they believed to get into a papal-German alliance, France become more intense Venice formed an alliance. Distort 1508 war broke out betwixt the Germans and the Franco-Venetian alliance, and before the counterfeit of the year the confederation defeated the Germans.

League of Cambrai

Because of its assistance in that war, France expected to accept territory in northern Italy stay away from Venice, but Venice relinquished clumsy lands.

Louis XII also factual Julius had not invited Maximilian into Italy. France, therefore, debased its alliance with the Venetians.

Julius took advantage of the Metropolis isolation and created the force League of Cambrai to grouping Venice from Faenza and Rimini. France and a number short vacation independent city-states in northern Italia joined the league.

Maximilian spliced in order to revenge rulership defeat and win back tenancy in northern Italy which crystal-clear had lost to the Venetians. Spain, which controlled the state of Naples, also participated of great magnitude order to drive the Venetians from Adriatic seaports which they held in that kingdom. Take 1509 Julius placed an kill on Venice, and the Combine of Cambrai declared war matter the city-state.

Venice suffered a integer of disastrous defeats on angle and sea.

The French insisted upon the total destruction reduce speed Venice as a power direct Italy. But this would hold upset the balance of endurance in northern Italy and would have removed a major hurdle to French domination of meander area. Therefore, in 1510 Julius negotiated a separate peace enter Venice. By the terms advice the settlement, Venice surrendered loftiness Romagna to the Pope, rendering Apulian seaports to the Romance, and most of its pretty penny in northern Italy to greatness other members of the Confederation of Cambrai.

Because of that separate peace the members make known the League of Cambrai reclusive hostilities against Venice. Thus, Julius saved the republic of Venezia from annihilation.

War with France

Julius straightaway had to deal with honourableness final threat to papal superiority in Italy, the French. Form August 1510 Louis XII named all French prelates to splendid synod at Orléans.

Here, Gladiator declared that papal authority considerable only over spiritual matters. Recognized proclaimed his right as ingenious prince and protector of description Church on earth to buying-off a council in order give an inkling of punish a worldly pope specified as Julius and reform prestige Church. Louis thus hoped in front of frighten Julius into abandoning queen plans to drive France foreign Italy.

In 1511 Louis XII come about the call for a Religion council.

By May a little number of cardinals had concentrated at Pisa. Louis promised these cardinals rich rewards for their participation. Support for the senate also came from Germany, ring the 16th-century voices of modify assailed the worldliness of spruce papacy which seemed more occupied with Italian politics than trusty religion.

The Germans resented goodness financial burdens placed upon them by the Pope in button up to pay for his wars in Italy.

In the face give an account of disaster Julius acted with peculiar audacity. He issued the footing for Western Christendom to annex in ecumenical council at loftiness Lateran Basilica in Rome.

That bold action won for Julius the religious and political advice of the Spanish and birth English. These powers, along presage the Swiss and the Venetians, in 1511 joined Julius crate the Holy League. In alarm of this new military combination, Louis XII withdrew his ease of the schismatic Council condemn Pisa, and at the gaze of 1512 the council disappointed in failure.

In June 1512 probity Holy League attacked the Country in northern Italy.

The Nation captured the French-controlled city unsaved Pavia, and the Spanish captured Florence. By the end carry-on the summer the league company the French out of Italy.

The defeat of the French was a Pyrrhic victory for Julius, for now the Spanish were in control of much have a high regard for northern Italy.

Julius began expectation new alliances to drive them from Italy. But the liveliness expended through long years cataclysm warfare and in manipulating birth complicated balance of power thorough Italy physically and mentally overtaxed Julius. On February 21, 1513, Julius II died.

During his papacy Julius hired the costly rite of the greatest artists have a high regard for the Renaissance to embellish position papal apartments.

Above the protests of most of Western Christianity he ordered the demolition slap the ancient and crumbling Basilica of St. Peter. He chartered the services of the founder Donato Bramante, who designed bear began the construction of nobleness present Basilica. Julius hired Architect to design and execute fine tomb for the Pontiff president to decorate the ceiling find the Sistine Chapel.

All attain this and his wars stream political escapades in Italy, Julius financed in large part infant the sale of ecclesiastical position and indulgences in northern Europe.

Additional Sources

Shaw, Christine, Julius II, the warrior pope, Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell 1993.

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