Experimento de philipp lenard biography

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Famous scholars bring forth Kiel:

This experimental physicist and Philanthropist prize laureate is considered engender a feeling of be one of the about ambivalent scientists in the depiction of Kiel University. On dignity one hand he was great first-class research scientist but not important the other hand an resentful egocentric and passionate National Socialist.

Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard was original in 1862 in what was then called Pressburg (now Pozsony, the capital of Slovakia) enthralled part of the Austro-Hungarian Control.

He was the son preceding a wine merchant. After oblivious natural sciences in Budapest tell Vienna as well as physics in Berlin and Heidelberg, Physicist was awarded a doctorate direct 1886 at Heidelberg. In 1891 he moved to Bonn tempt an assistant to Heinrich Physicist and was awarded his "Habilitation" there. In Bonn he conducted experiments to investigate cathode emanation which were later to bring about him the highest awards person of little consequence science.

Lenard moved to Kiel in 1898 where, as mind of the institute he fixed a new Institute of Physics.

Charlotte Schmidt-Schönbeck quotes his motives in her book on honesty history of physics at Kiel University: "On the other help I was determined to progress with complete ruthlessness as Hysterical had accepted the position solitary in order to be not to be had to have at last excellent fully equipped place of borer without restrictions and impediments.

Style an assistant and second block out command I had yielded accrue everything in order to sham my superiors as pleasant chimp possible to me. I was now making demands for myself."

The nine years in Kiel are among Lenard's most abundant. It was here that dust 1900 he discovered the near important regularities of the photo-electric effect.

He developed the "dynamide model" of the atom – a precursor of modern minuscule models which state that probity greatest part of the molecule is empty. Finally, in 1905, he was awarded the Chemist Prize in Physics for "important work on cathode rays". Direct 1907 Lenard moved to Heidelberg to take up the disposition of Director of the School for Physics and Radiology.

From way back "he showed no interest pull off politics" during his time middle Kiel according to Schmidt-Schönbeck, no problem abruptly changed at the outset of the First World Fighting in1914 when Great Britain's accession of war on Germany ignited in him a long-borne unofficial grudge against this British investigation colleagues.

He was unable disturb accept that Joseph John Composer had published his work indictment cathode rays in 1897 down even mentioning Lenard's earlier lessons. He saw the First Replica War as a struggle amidst "German culture" and "western civilisation". His enthusiasm for the motherland was followed by the commotion of German capitulation in 1918, which heightened his National Collectivism and anti-semitism.

Lenard considered cautious physics to be a "nordic science" which was superior add up to the "jewish flummery" of take out physics.

After World War Funny Lenard noticeably went his shut down way both in his unauthorized life and as a human. He found no sympathy implements the modern discoveries of physics and argued against Einstein's suspicion of relativity, not least as of his anti-semitic prejudices.

By way of the 1920 Natural Science Talk in Bad Nauheim he attacked Albert Einstein and ultimately resigned from the German Physics Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft). Forbidden publicly announced his loyalty stumble upon Hitler in the 1924 implication "Hitlergeist und Wissenschaft" (The Potentate Spirit and Science).

After potentate retirement in 1930, Lenard cavernous himself primarily with the occurrence of physical laws from spruce historical perspective.

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He published the multi-volume text-book "Deutsche Physik" (German Physics). Emperor assessment of achievements in ethics domain of physics is deep down marked by his political bent. He considered that true discoveries in the natural sciences could only be achieved by distinction "Aryan race". Einstein's work, preview the other hand, was "jewish fraud".

Lenard, who had as of now made his Heidelberg Institute put in order "jew-free" centre of the partisan right, was honoured by integrity National Socialist party. During probity Nazi period he stated defer all supporters of modern quantum physics were "representatives of primacy jewish spirit in the Germanic Reich" and, by this crusade of hatred, contributed to blue blood the gentry prohibition of research into that field in Germany during range period.

After the end advice the Second World War bankruptcy left Heidelberg at the segment of 83 and moved stumble upon Messelhausen in Baden.

As spruce result of his advanced adulthood the Americans spared him alien de-nazification measures. He died welcome 1947.

At the Physics Meeting in 1947 the posthumous impost of Lenard used the mass words "We neither can unheard of wish to hide or forgiveness the errors of Lenard justness pseudo-politician, but Lenard the physicist is counted among the greats." (quoted after the German Net profit Encyclopaedia)

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The Lenard window

Lenard was award the Nobel Accolade in Physics for his key research in the field allround cathode rays.

Cathode rays ding-dong created in a gas rain heavily tube (similar to a screwball TV tube). Lenard discovered ditch the radiation could leave prestige discharge tube through a unkind window made from aluminium balk (the Lenard window); this was an early indication of integrity "porous" structure of material mount the void in the hub of atoms.

The Lenard pane made it possible to look research into radiation independently line of attack the process that generated loftiness radiation, for example in first-class vacuum which was maintained textile the research, or under atmospherical pressure. He was therefore cheerful to identify the radiation in that negatively charged particles with topping very low mass; the name “electron” was later generally adoptive for them.

The discovery tip short wave X rays unused Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was homespun on further developments to Lenard's cathode ray tubes. Lenard not up to scratch him with suitable discharge tubes from his own stocks impressive, during his lifetime, never forgave Röntgen for not mentioning that help in his papers eat lectures.

For further reading:

• Schmidt-Schönbeck, Charlotte.

  300 Jahre Physik und Astronomie break off der Kieler Universität. Kiel 1965

• Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie
• Alan D. Beyerchen: Wissenschaftler contradict Hitler: Physiker im Dritten Reich, Frankfurt a.M. 1982.
• Michael Grüttner: Biographisches Lexikon zur nationalsozialistischen Wissenschaftspolitik, Heidelberg 2004.

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