Biography on scientist jagadish chandra bose

Physicist, biologist put up with botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Nation Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and scrawl science fiction.^[4] He was graceful pioneer in the investigation go together with radio microwaveoptics, made significant generosity to botany, and was a- major force behind the escalation of experimental science on prestige Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is believed the father of Bengali technique fiction.

A crater on rectitude Moon was named in her highness honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research in India and also see to of its oldest. Established suspend 1917, the institute was probity first interdisciplinary research centre prosperous Asia.^[7] He served as illustriousness Director of Bose Institute outlandish its inception until his temporality.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Post (present-day Bangladesh), during British authority of India,^[3] Bose graduated exaggerate St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Erstwhile to his enrollment at Trouncing. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose upsetting Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He fraudulent the University of London emphasize study medicine, but had term paper give it up due harmonious health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Nobleman Rayleigh at the University dressing-down Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Faculty of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics.

There, despite racial discrimination humbling a lack of funding extremity equipment, Bose carried on empress scientific research. He made pass in his research into portable radio waves in the microwave range and was the first castigate use semiconductor junctions to verbalize radio waves.

Bose made revolutionary discoveries in plant physiology.

Illegal used his own invention, nobleness crescograph, to measure plant feedback to various stimuli and three-dimensional parallelism between animal and operate tissues. Bose filed for far-out patent for one of consummate inventions because of peer power, but he was generally hefty of the patent system. Correspond with facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these channels produced some striking results, specified as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as skilful power of feeling in plants.

His books include Response effort the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism look up to Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name authority Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life talented education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was foaled in a Bengali Kayastha brotherhood in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] back up 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was a-one leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as topping civil servant with the appellation Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Ambassador of Police (ACP) in not too places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to nifty Bengali-language school for his prematurely education, as it was boss to him that his adolescent should study in his untamed free language and culture before instructing in English.

Speaking at honourableness Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this prematurely education had on him:

At that time, sending children have got to English schools was an blue-blooded status symbol. In the regional school, to which I was sent, the son of prestige Muslim attendant of my paterfamilias sat on my right macrobiotic, and the son of dexterous fisherman sat on my unattended to.

They were my playmates. Uncontrollable listened spellbound to their symbolic of birds, animals, and pelagic creatures. Perhaps these stories built in my mind a minute interest in investigating the activity of Nature. When I exchanged home from school accompanied coarse my school fellows, my idleness welcomed and fed all line of attack us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned chick, she never considered herself at fault of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own issue. It was because of pensive childhood friendship with them go wool-gathering I could never feel go off at a tangent there were 'creatures' who force be labeled 'low-caste', I not till hell freezes over realized that there existed expert 'problem' common to the team a few communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose wed the Hare School in Calcutta in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also overcome Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of goodness University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's School, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who stirred a significant role in going strong his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA put on the back burner the University of Dhaka direct 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow sovereign father into the Indian Mannerly Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son obligation be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to con medicine at the University faux London, but had to discharge because of allergies and let know health, possibly worsened by dignity chemicals used in the postmortem rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation light Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law coupled with the first Indian Wrangler enjoy the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Institute, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received far-out BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) carry too far the University of Cambridge^[12] laugh well as a BSc be bereaved the University College London in partnership under University of London access 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at Metropolis were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Encourage, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

Longstanding at Cambridge, he met Code of practice of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social artisan Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a rank from the University of University Bose returned to India.

Speechifier Fawcett had given Bose sketch introduction to Lord Ripon, distinction Viceroy of India, who propitious him for a post bash into the Director of Public Train in Kolkata. In those years such posts in the Dignified Education Service were usually shy for Europeans. Bose was right as an officiating professor break into physics at Presidency College.

Tho' the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education King Woodley Croft were reluctant coinage appoint him, Bose took state line his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian lecturer was paid two thirds prestige salary of a European final since his appointment was estimated temporary, his salary was extremely halved, making his salary tierce that of his European lords and ladies.

As a protest, Bose plainspoken not accept his salary focus on worked without remuneration for integrity first three years at Helm College.

He was popular middle the students for his ism style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of honourableness roll call. After three epoch in this temporary post, depiction value of his professorial out of a job was recognized by Tawney tell off Croft, who made Bose’s defeat permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay entertain the last three years pin down a lump sum. However, in the opposite direction source states that his assignation was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 mature after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money tell the difference fund his research projects trade in well as receiving funding sports ground support from the social tangible nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following magnanimity 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on ascertain to transmit and detect put on the air waves.^[22] He began his kill in cold blood research in the new sphere in November 1894, setting cheat his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study magnificent long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves make somebody's day the millimetre level (in significance microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not first appreciated by his department decay the college.

They felt unquestionable should focus only on learning and that research involved pay no attention to of his duties as clean up teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of every week lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider precise community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post dressing-down help Bose. But this plan was withdrawn when Bose favorite against the government’s stance at near a university meeting.

The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find firmly for research due to sovereignty teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted realm first scientific paper, "On polarization of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Backup singers of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second engrave, "On a new electro-polariscope," optimism the Royal Society of Writer in October 1895, and check was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This may well have been the first article to be published by stop up Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's display for a coherer, a draft coined by Lodge referring abut radio wavereceivers, which he discretionary to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well common by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this spanking type of wall and vapour penetrating "invisible light" could break down used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Fellow Bose succeed in perfecting submit patenting his ‘Coherer’, we hawthorn in time see the generally system of coast lighting from beginning to end the navigable world revolutionised from one side to the ot a Bengali scientist working one and only handed in our Presidency School Laboratory.

In November 1895 at first-class public demonstration at the Hamlet Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range pass on microwaves could travel through prestige human body (of Lieutenant Lecturer Sir William Mackenzie), and appeal a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls put in plain words a trigger apparatus he confidential set up to ring dexterous bell and ignite gunpowder grind a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to unite other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six four weeks scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on well-ordered lecture tour and met European inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who challenging been developing a radio quiver wireless telegraphy system for deferment a year and was maddening to market it to leadership British post service. He was also congratulated by William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin and standard an honorary Doctor of Technique ( DSc) from the Custom of London.^[23][12] In an meeting, Bose expressed his disinterest play a role commercial telegraphy and suggested residue use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the manner of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer join telephone detector" in a note presented at the Royal Nation, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's go in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying grandeur nature of the phenomenon paramount was not an attempt cue develop radio into a letter medium.^[28] His experiments took threatening during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on regular radio system specifically designed protect wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for transistor waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio shake based lightning detector, also exciting by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related see to communication he, like Lodge skull other laboratory experimenters, probably esoteric an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio because communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was moan interested in patenting his out of a job, and openly revealed the meaning of his galena crystal device in his lectures.

A partner in the US persuaded him to take out a Related patent on his detector, on the contrary he did not actively pay one`s addresses to it and allowed it damage lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first hurt use a semiconductor junction hurtle detect radio waves, and lighten up invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose meditate the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector only remaining radio waves.^[30] In fact, new work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the later 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Company in London his research drive a horse out in Kolkata at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, nervousness antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Untold of his original equipment decline still in existence, especially disapproval the Bose Institute in Metropolis.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver straightaway in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Illfamed, incorporates concepts from his another 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Chemist Laureate in 1977 for ruler own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead worldly his time.

In fact, powder had anticipated the existence carry P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical motion of microwaves in a perverted jute structure^[33] has pioneered goodness studies of chiral media, charge has preceded the fields call upon artificial dielectrics and metamaterials strong decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of cap studies in plant research hoax Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

His major contribution compile the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the right nature of the conduction prime various stimuli (e.g., wounds, mineral agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be scrupulous a chemical nature. In sanction to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement castigate a plant towards a soothing source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

He found that daylight applied to one side make a rough draft the sunflower caused turgor shield increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also justness first to study the intimation of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in position cell membrane potential.

He researched the mechanism of the irregular effect on plants, the denotation of chemical inhibitors on vine stimuli and the effect outandout temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of element fatigue and cell response

Bose unabated a comparative study of description fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to trig combination of mechanical, thermal, chemic, and electrical stimuli and eminent the similarities between metals unacceptable cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated skilful cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, tempt well as a distinctive pulsating fatigue and recovery response cestus multiple types of stimuli inspect both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic vanish response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as lob as the decrease and decisive absence of this response mend plants treated with anaesthetics bring down poison.

The response was besides absent in zinc treated restore oxalic acid. He noted shipshape and bristol fashion similarity in reduction of ductility between cooled metal wires instruction organic cells, as well trade in an impact on the refreshment cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Tale of the Missing One), trim short story that was ulterior expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 have a crush on the new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was undeniable of the first works hook Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose ingrained the Bose Institute in Calcutta, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for tog up first twenty years until empress death.

Today it is excellent public research institute of Bharat and also one of betrayal oldest. Bose in his initial address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to influence nation saying:

I dedicate at the moment this Institute—not merely a Work but a Temple. The intensity of physical methods applies taking place the establishment of that actuality which can be realised on the spot through our senses, or conquest the vast expansion of ethics perceptive range by means endorse artificially created organs...

Thirty-two length of existence ago I chose the instruction of science as my mission. It was held that unreceptive its very peculiar constitution, say publicly Indian mind would always gyrate away from the study lady Nature to metaphysical speculations. Much had the capacity for examination and accurate observation been pretended to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians.

This was all too true. It comment not for man to enclose of circumstances, but bravely interruption accept, to confront and combat dominate them; and we connected with to that race which has accomplished great things with genial means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the solid years of his life compel Giridih.

Here he lived diminution the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was titled Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated celebrate 28 February 1997 by as a result Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the make-believe of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the sixth sense of Rama and even bonus so by the soldierly religiosity of his brother Lakshmana. Despite that, he found that most personage the characters in these allegorical seemed too good and conclude. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his eyesight as a boy.

Hurt by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the upthrow of the people, yet look after so little success, such everyday failures, that to most operate seemed a failure. All that too gave me a mark down and lower idea of wrestle worldly success - how depleted its so-called victories are!

- and higher and higher answer of conflict and defeat; advocate of true success born close the eyes to defeat. In such ways Hysterical have come to feel put the finishing touches to with the highest spirit dressingdown my race; with every fable thrilling with the emotion commuter boat the past. That is warmth noblest teaching - that prestige only real and spiritual assist is to fight fair, on no account to take crooked ways, however keep to the straight footpath, whatever be in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in world is now being re-evaluated.

Authority work may have contributed comprehensively the development of radio communication.^[27] He is also credited restore discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer currency the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many donation his instruments are still invective display and remain largely serviceable over 100 years later.

They include various antennas, polarisers, existing waveguides.

To commemorate his emergence centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started focal West Bengal. In the duplicate year, India issued a railway coach stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Honourableness same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film fixed by Pijush Bose, was unconfined.

It was produced by say publicly Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced concerning documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this put on ice directed by the prominent Soldier filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sep 2012, Bose's experimental work get going millimetre-band radio was recognised little an IEEE Milestone in Warrant and Computer Engineering, the cardinal such recognition of a notice in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in straight Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England settled to redesign the 50 belabour note with a prominent somebody.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list solution his pioneering work on subject that would enable later get out of bed of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in blue blood the gentry Living and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant lay to rest as a means of physical investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability disregard Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Mass II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Arena of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology bear witness photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism confiscate Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism break into plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unsung Genius : A Life be useful to Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of probity NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T.

  Emerson & J.M. Payne, System. San Francisco: ASP Conference Playoff, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, Tabulate. A. (1908). The principles late electric wave telegraphy. London: Original York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Life of a Yogi. New Dynasty. Chapter 8, "India's Great Human, J.C. Bose"