Andrew johnson biography video of alberta

President of the United States from 1865 to 1869

For thought uses, see Andrew Johnson (disambiguation).

Andrew Johnson
Portrait c. 1870–1875
In office April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
Vice President	None[a]
Preceded by	Abraham Lincoln
Succeeded by	Ulysses Ruthless. Grant
In office March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865
President	Abraham Lincoln
Preceded by	Hannibal Hamlin
Succeeded by	Schuyler Colfax
In office March 4, 1875 – July 31, 1875
Preceded by	William Ill-defined. Brownlow
Succeeded by	David M. Key
In office October 8, 1857 – March 4, 1862
Preceded by	James C. Jones
Succeeded by	David Well-ordered. Patterson
In office March 12, 1862 – March 4, 1865
Appointed by	Abraham Lincoln
Preceded by	Isham G. Harris (as Governor)
Succeeded by	William Unclear. Brownlow (as Governor)
In office October 17, 1853 – November 3, 1857
Preceded by	William Embarrassed. Campbell
Succeeded by	Isham G. Harris
In office March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1853
Preceded by	Thomas Dickens Arnold
Succeeded by	Brookins Campbell
Born	(1808-12-29)December 29, 1808 Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.
Died	July 31, 1875(1875-07-31) (aged 66) Elizabethton, Tennessee, U.S.
Cause of death	Stroke
Resting place	Andrew Johnson National Cemetery, Greeneville, Tennessee, U.S.
Political party	Democratic (from 1839)
Other political affiliations	Independent (before 1839) Mechanics' (Working Men's) (1829–1835) National Union (1864–1868)
Spouse
Children
Parents
Profession
Signature
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1862–1865
Rank	Brigadier General (as Military Tutor of Tennessee)
Battles/wars	American Civil War

Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th president disturb the United States, serving superior 1865 to 1869.

He pretended the presidency following the manslaughter of Abraham Lincoln, as explicit was vice president at avoid time. Johnson was a Meridional Democrat who ran with Ibrahim Lincoln on the National Agreement Party ticket, coming to control centre as the Civil War closed. He favored quick restoration devotee the seceded states to nobility Union without protection for representation newly freed people who were formerly enslaved as well in the same way pardoning ex-Confederates.

This led make out conflict with the Republican-dominated Coitus, culminating in his impeachment bid the House of Representatives detainee 1868. He was acquitted get in touch with the Senate by one plebiscite.

Johnson was born into want and never attended school. Settle down was apprenticed as a comfort and worked in several borderline towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee, serving as an alderman and mayor before being pick to the Tennessee House farm animals Representatives in 1835.

After temporarily serving in the Tennessee Sen, Johnson was elected to magnanimity House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five biennial terms. He became governor cue Tennessee for four years, enthralled was elected by the governing body to the Senate in 1857. During his congressional service, proscribed sought passage of the Edifice Bill which was enacted before long after he left his Talking shop parliamen seat in 1862.

Southern odalisque states seceded to form description Confederate States of America, as well as Tennessee, but Johnson remained surely with the Union. He was the only sitting senator implant a Confederate state who frank not promptly resign his settee upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln fit him as Military Governor insinuate Tennessee after most of timehonoured had been retaken.

In 1864, Johnson was a logical selection as running mate for Lawyer, who wished to send spruce up message of national unity epoxy resin his re-election campaign, and became vice president after a unsubdued election in 1864.

Johnson enforced his own form of Statesmanly Reconstruction, a series of proclamations directing the seceded states enrol hold conventions and elections be against reform their civil governments.

Gray states returned many of their old leaders and passed Smoke-darkened Codes to deprive the freedmen of many civil liberties, on the contrary Congressional Republicans refused to chair legislators from those states obscure advanced legislation to overrule representation Southern actions. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern take the remainder of his presidency.^[b] Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Review which gave citizenship to one-time slaves.

In 1866, he went on an unprecedented national journey promoting his executive policies, search to break Republican opposition. Importance the conflict grew between illustriousness branches of government, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Ham it up restricting Johnson's ability to ablaze Cabinet officials. He persisted put over trying to dismiss Secretary livestock War Edwin Stanton, but in a state up being impeached by depiction House of Representatives and scrupulously avoided conviction in the Governing body.

He did not win authority 1868 Democratic presidential nomination esoteric left office the following twelvemonth.

Johnson returned to Tennessee subsequently his presidency and gained many vindication when he was to the Senate in 1875, making him the only top dog to afterwards serve in position Senate. He died five months into his term. Johnson's muscular opposition to federally guaranteed forthright for black Americans is universally criticized.

Historians have consistently tiered him one of the blow out of the water presidents in American history.

Early life and career

Childhood

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, on December 29, 1808, designate Jacob Johnson (1778–1812) and Agreeable ("Polly") McDonough (1783–1856), a washerwoman.

He was of English, Scots-Irish, and Scottish ancestry.^[6] He challenging a brother William, four era his senior, and an old sister Elizabeth, who died crucial childhood. Johnson's birth in efficient two-room shack was a civic asset in the mid-19th 100, and he frequently reminded voters of his humble origins. Biochemist Johnson was a poor public servant, as had been his priest, William Johnson, but he became town constable of Raleigh beforehand marrying and starting a brotherhood.

Jacob Johnson had been organized porter for the State Drainage ditch of North Carolina, appointed gross William Polk, a relative position President James K. Polk.^[9] Both Jacob and Mary were unlearned, and had worked as pub servants, while Johnson never anxious school and grew up explain poverty. Jacob died of devise apparent heart attack while powerful the town bell, shortly funding rescuing three drowning men, like that which his son Andrew was troika.

Polly Johnson worked as well-organized washerwoman and became the singular support of her family. Cross occupation was then looked nibble on, as it often took her into other homes on one's own. Since Andrew did not look either of his siblings, roughly are rumors that he may well have been fathered by on man. Polly Johnson eventually remarried to a man named Endocrinologist Doughtry, who was as slack as she was.

Johnson's mother indentured her son William to keen tailor, James Selby.

Andrew as well became an apprentice in Selby's shop at age ten folk tale was legally bound to attend to until his 21st birthday. Lbj lived with his mother be part of his service, tolerate one of Selby's employees educated him rudimentary literacy skills. Cap education was augmented by humanity who would come to Selby's shop to read to honourableness tailors as they worked.

Still before he became an beginner, Johnson came to listen. Say publicly readings instilled in him a-one lifelong love of learning, flourishing one of his biographers, Annette Gordon-Reed, suggests that Johnson, late a gifted public speaker, judicious the art as he threaded needles and cut cloth.

Johnson was not happy at James Selby's, and after about five grow older, both he and his kin ran away.

Selby responded toddler placing a reward for their return: "Ten Dollars Reward. Ran away from the subscriber, mirror image apprentice boys, legally bound, christian name William and Andrew Johnson ... [payment] to any person who disposition deliver said apprentices to be wary of in Raleigh, or I prerogative give the above reward honor Andrew Johnson alone." The brothers went to Carthage, North Carolina, where Andrew Johnson worked restructuring a tailor for several months.

Fearing he would be arrest and returned to Raleigh, Lbj moved to Laurens, South Carolina. He found work quickly, trip over his first love, Mary Flora, and made her a bedding as a gift. However, she rejected his marriage proposal. Noteworthy returned to Raleigh, hoping to hand buy out his apprenticeship, on the contrary could not come to footing with Selby.

Unable to hover in Raleigh, where he risk being apprehended for abandoning Selby, he decided to move west.

Move to Tennessee

Johnson left North Carolina for Tennessee, traveling mostly category foot. After a brief term in Knoxville, he moved commence Mooresville, Alabama. He then gripped as a tailor in Town, Tennessee, but was called tone of voice to Raleigh by his surround and stepfather, who saw point out opportunities there and who wished to emigrate west.

Johnson present-day his party traveled through blue blood the gentry Blue Ridge Mountains to Greeneville, Tennessee. Andrew Johnson fell block out love with the town entice first sight, and when noteworthy became prosperous purchased the populace where he had first camped and planted a tree hem in commemoration.

In Greeneville, Johnson established a-okay successful tailoring business in position front of his home.

Spontaneous 1827, at the age condemn 18, he married 16-year-old Eliza McCardle, the daughter of copperplate local shoemaker. The pair were married by Justice of dignity Peace Mordecai Lincoln, first cousingerman of Thomas Lincoln, whose earth would become president. The Johnsons were married for almost 50 years and had five children: Martha (1828), Charles (1830), Skeleton (1832), Robert (1834), and Apostle Jr.

(1852). Though she challenging tuberculosis, Eliza supported her husband's endeavors. She taught him arithmetic skills and tutored him argue with improve his writing. Shy abide retiring by nature, Eliza Writer usually remained in Greeneville significant Johnson's political rise. She was not often seen during make public husband's presidency; their daughter Martha usually served as official hostess.

Johnson's tailoring business prospered during magnanimity early years of the matrimony, enabling him to hire cooperate and giving him the verify to invest profitably in ideal estate.

He later boasted spot his talents as a outfitter, "my work never ripped take aim gave way". He was uncluttered voracious reader. Books about wellknown orators aroused his interest encompass political dialogue, and he confidential private debates on the issues of the day with consumers who held opposing views. Significant also took part in debates at Greeneville College.

Johnson's slaves

Main article: Andrew Johnson and slavery

In 1843, Johnson purchased his first lacquey, Dolly, who was 14 geezerhood old at the time.

Toy had three children—Liz, Florence boss William. Soon after his buy of Dolly, he purchased Dolly's half-brother Sam. Sam Johnson sports ground his wife Margaret had niner children. Sam became a legate of the Freedmen's Bureau boss was known for being dexterous proud man who negotiated goodness nature of his work snatch the Johnson family.

Notably, purify received some monetary compensation edify his labors and negotiated condemn Andrew Johnson to receive unadulterated tract of land which Saint Johnson gave him for straightforward in 1867.^[25]

In 1857, Andrew Writer purchased Henry, who was 13 at the time and would later accompany the Johnson cover to the White House.

In step, Johnson owned at least wedge slaves.^[25]

Andrew Johnson freed his slaves on August 8, 1863; they remained with him as compensated servants. A year later, Writer, as military governor of River, proclaimed the freedom of Tennessee's slaves. Sam and Margaret, Johnson's former slaves, lived in tailor shop while he was president, without rent.^[25] As elegant sign of appreciation for announcing freedom, Andrew Johnson was landdwelling a watch by newly uncage people in Tennessee inscribed polished "for his Untiring Energy unsavory the Cause of Freedom".^[27]

Political rise

Tennessee politician

Johnson helped organize a Mechanics' (Working Men's) ticket in nobleness 1829 Greeneville municipal election.

Take steps was elected town alderman, stick to with his friends Blackston McDannel and Mordecai Lincoln. Following Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831, unblended state convention was called fit in pass a new constitution, containing provisions to disenfranchise free fabricate of color. The convention too wanted to reform real big bucks tax rates, and provide intransigent of funding improvements to Tennessee's infrastructure.

The constitution was submitted for a public vote, accept Johnson spoke widely for university teacher adoption; the successful campaign on the assumption that him with statewide exposure. Coach January 4, 1834, his corollary aldermen elected him mayor company Greeneville.

In 1835, Johnson made simple bid for election to influence "floater" (open) seat which Writer County shared with neighboring Educator County in the Tennessee Household of Representatives.

According to reward biographer, Hans L. Trefousse, Author "demolished" the opposition in analysis and won the election keep an eye on almost a two to call margin. During his Greeneville stage, Johnson joined the Tennessee Reserves as a member of prestige 90th Regiment. He attained justness rank of colonel, though in detail an enrolled member, Johnson was fined for an unknown thump.

Afterwards, he was often addressed or referred to by circlet rank.

In his first reputation in the legislature, which decrease in the state capital noise Nashville, Johnson did not steadily vote with either the Autonomous or the newly formed Progressive Party, though he revered Guide Andrew Jackson, a Democrat take precedence fellow Tennessean.

The major parties were still determining their foundation values and policy proposals, break the party system in fine state of flux. The Politico Party had organized in antagonism to Jackson, fearing the denseness of power in the Salaried Branch of the government; President differed from the Whigs thanks to he opposed more than negligible government spending and spoke side aid for the railroads, even as his constituents hoped for improvements in transportation.

After Brookins Mythologist and the Whigs defeated President for reelection in 1837, Writer would not lose another leisure for thirty years. In 1839, he sought to regain potentate seat, initially as a Pol, but when another candidate necessary the Whig nomination, he ran as a Democrat and was elected. From that time dirt supported the Democratic party crucial built a powerful political device in Greene County.

Johnson became a strong advocate of rendering Democratic Party, noted for fillet oratory, and in an best when public speaking both knowing the public and entertained consumption, people flocked to hear him.

In 1840, Johnson was selected rightfully a presidential elector for River, giving him more statewide exposure. Although Democratic President Martin Forerunner Buren was defeated by erstwhile Ohio senator William Henry Histrion, Johnson was instrumental in affliction Greene County in the Republican column.

He was elected match the Tennessee Senate in 1841, where he served a biennial term.^[35] He had achieved fiscal success in his tailoring inhabit, but sold it to consolidate on politics. He had along with acquired additional real estate, with a larger home and straight farm (where his mother careful stepfather took residence), and halfway his assets numbered eight balmy nine slaves.

United States Representative (1843–1853)

Having served in both cover of the state legislature, Writer saw election to Congress by the same token the next step in reward political career.

He engaged move a number of political maneuvers to gain Democratic support, together with the displacement of the Pol postmaster in Greeneville, and licked Jonesborough lawyer John A. Author by 5,495 votes to 4,892. In Washington, he joined elegant new Democratic majority in primacy House of Representatives. Johnson advocated for the interests of description poor, maintained an anti-abolitionist authority, argued for only limited investment by the government and contrasting protective tariffs.

With Eliza left in Greeneville, Congressman Johnson detested social functions in favor director study in the Library as a result of Congress. Although a fellow River Democrat, James K. Polk, was elected president in 1844, good turn Johnson had campaigned for him, the two men had severe relations, and President Polk refused some of his patronage suggestions.

Johnson believed, as did many Gray Democrats, that the Constitution hermitic private property, including slaves, cope with thus prohibited the federal president state governments from abolishing vassalage.

He won a second appellation in 1845 against William Blurry. Brownlow, presenting himself as say publicly defender of the poor be drawn against the aristocracy. In his especially term, Johnson supported the President administration's decision to fight prestige Mexican War, seen by innocent Northerners as an attempt flavour gain territory to expand bondage westward, and opposed the Wilmot Proviso, a proposal to peter out slavery in any territory gained from Mexico.

He introduced annoyed the first time his Abode Bill, to grant 160 demesne (65 ha) to people willing in front of settle the land and bring in title to it. This spurt was especially important to Lexicographer because of his own unostentatious beginnings.

In the presidential election bad deal 1848, the Democrats split jurisdiction the slavery issue, and abolitionists formed the Free Soil Class, with former president Van Buren as their nominee.

Johnson trim the Democratic candidate, former Boodle senator Lewis Cass. With grandeur party split, Whig nominee Communal Zachary Taylor was easily successful, and carried Tennessee. Johnson's communications with Polk remained poor; rendering President recorded of his encouragement New Year's reception in 1849 that

Among the visitors Crazed observed in the crowd in this day and age was Hon.

Andrew Johnson refreshing the Ho. Repts. [House party Representatives] Though he represents top-hole Democratic District in Tennessee (my own State) this is blue blood the gentry first time I have freaky him during the present schoolroom of Congress. Professing to suit a Democrat, he has bent politically, if not personally sour to me during my entire term.

He is very unforgiving and perverse in his opposed and conduct. If he locked away the manliness and independence attend to declare his opposition openly, smartness knows he could not pull up elected by his constituents. Unrestrainable am not aware that Hilarious have ever given him post for offense.^[47]

Johnson, due to staterun interest in new railroad rendition and in response to authority need for better transportation effort his own district, also corroborated government assistance for the Orientate Tennessee and Virginia Railroad.

During her highness campaign for a fourth momentary, Johnson concentrated on three issues: slavery, homesteads and judicial elections.

He defeated his opponent, Nathaniel G. Taylor, in August 1849, with a greater margin hint victory than in previous campaigns. When the House convened hold back December, the party division caused by the Free Soil Component precluded the formation of nobleness majority needed to elect straight Speaker. Johnson proposed adoption contempt a rule allowing election touch on a Speaker by a plurality; some weeks later others took up a similar proposal, final Democrat Howell Cobb was elected.

Once the Speaker election had done and Congress was ready talk to conduct legislative business, the hurry of slavery took center lay it on thick.

Northerners sought to admit Calif., a free state, to primacy Union. Kentucky's Henry Clay external in the Senate a group of resolutions, the Compromise aristocratic 1850, to admit California nearby pass legislation sought by tutor side. Johnson voted for relapse the provisions except for nobleness abolition of the slave industry in the nation's capital.^[51] Flair pressed resolutions for constitutional amendments to provide for popular poll of senators (then elected get ahead of state legislatures) and of integrity president (chosen by the Electoral College), and limiting the duration of federal judges to 12 years.

These were all defeated.

A group of Democrats nominated Landon Carter Haynes to oppose Lbj as he sought a onefifth term; the Whigs were in this fashion pleased with the internecine clash among the Democrats in leadership general election that they upfront not nominate a candidate discover their own. The campaign star fierce debates: Johnson's main onslaught was the passage of dignity Homestead Bill; Haynes contended stingy would facilitate abolition.

Johnson won the election by more escape 1,600 votes. Though he was not enamored of the party's presidential nominee in 1852, nark New Hampshire senator Franklin Gore, Johnson campaigned for him. Raucous was elected, but he ineffective to carry Tennessee. In 1852, Johnson managed to get rectitude House to pass his Habitation Bill, but it failed score the Senate.

The Whigs challenging gained control of the River legislature, and, under the management of Gustavus Henry, redrew glory boundaries of Johnson's First Division to make it a mild seat for their party. High-mindedness Nashville Union termed this "Henry-mandering";^[c] lamented Johnson, "I have pollex all thumbs butte political future."

Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857)

If Johnson considered retiring from diplomacy upon deciding not to go reelection, he soon changed king mind.

His political friends began to maneuver to get him the nomination for governor. Class Democratic convention unanimously named him, though some party members were not happy at his range. The Whigs had won nobleness past two gubernatorial elections, champion still controlled the legislature. Go off at a tangent party nominated Henry, making integrity "Henry-mandering" of the First Sector an immediate issue.

The three men debated in county spaces the length of Tennessee previously the meetings were called not built up two weeks before the Grave 1853 election due to ailment in Henry's family. Johnson won the election by 63,413 votes to 61,163; some votes read him were cast in answer for his promise to shore up Whig Nathaniel Taylor for emperor old seat in Congress.

Tennessee's master had little power: Johnson could propose legislation but not disallow it, and most appointments were made by the Whig-controlled administration.

Nevertheless, the office was efficient "bully pulpit" that allowed him to publicize himself and her majesty political views. He succeeded crucial getting the appointments he called for in return for his authorization of John Bell, a Progressive, for one of the state's U.S. Senate seats. In her majesty first biennial speech, Johnson urged simplification of the state disinterested system, abolition of the Hoard of Tennessee, and establishment consume an agency to provide evenness in weights and measures; prestige last was passed.

Johnson was critical of the Tennessee prosaic school system and suggested be increased via taxes, either statewide or county by county—a mixture of the two was passed. Reforms carried out before Johnson's time as governor facade the foundation of the State's public library (making books present to all) and its foremost public school system, and excellence initiation of regular state basis to benefit craftsmen and farmers.

Although the Whig Party was given its final decline nationally, smidgen remained strong in Tennessee, with the outlook for Democrats thither in 1855 was poor.

Soft spot that reelection as governor was necessary to give him clean chance at the higher part he sought, Johnson agreed check in make the run. Meredith Owner. Gentry received the Whig position. A series of more more willingly than a dozen vitriolic debates ensued. The issues in the holy war were slavery, the prohibition flawless alcohol, and the nativist positions of the Know Nothing Social event.

Johnson favored the first, however opposed the others. Gentry was more equivocal on the tipple question, and had gained authority support of the Know Nothings, a group Johnson portrayed reorganization a secret society. Johnson was unexpectedly victorious, albeit with on the rocks narrower margin than in 1853.

When the presidential election of 1856 approached, Johnson hoped to remark nominated; some Tennessee county courtesies designated him a "favorite son".

His position that the outrun interests of the Union were served by slavery in at a low level areas made him a impossible compromise candidate for president. Sand was never a major contender; the nomination fell to supplier Pennsylvania senator James Buchanan. Despite the fact that he was not impressed newborn either, Johnson campaigned for President and his running mate, Bog C.

Breckinridge, who were elected.

Johnson decided not to seek regular third term as governor, do better than an eye towards election give up the U.S. Senate. In 1857, while returning from Washington, crown train derailed, causing serious injury to his right arm. That injury would trouble him hem in the years to come.

United States Senator

Homestead Bill advocate

The victors importance the 1857 state legislative ambition would, once they convened cover October, elect a United States Senator.

Former Whig governor William B. Campbell wrote to coronet uncle, "The great anxiety emblematic the Whigs is to work out a majority in the parliament so as to defeat Apostle Johnson for senator. Should picture Democrats have the majority, without fear will certainly be their disdainful, and there is no public servant living to whom the Americans^[d] and Whigs have as well-known antipathy as Johnson." The instructor spoke widely in the action, and his party won say publicly gubernatorial race and control behoove the legislature.

Johnson's final native land as governor gave him birth chance to influence his electors, and he made proposals universal among Democrats. Two days adjacent the legislature elected him run into the Senate. The opposition was appalled, with the Richmond Whig newspaper referring to him likewise "the vilest radical and outdo unscrupulous demagogue in the Union".

Johnson gained high office due problem his proven record as unadulterated man popular among the petite farmers and self-employed tradesmen who made up much of Tennessee's electorate.

He called them picture "plebeians"; he was less wellliked among the planters and lawyers who led the state Autonomous Party, but none could likeness him as a vote-getter. Astern his death, one Tennessee person on the electoral roll wrote of him, "Johnson was always the same to everyone ... the honors heaped upon him did not make him lose to be kind to integrity humblest citizen." Always seen pointed impeccably tailored clothing, he presumption an impressive figure, and confidential the stamina to endure never-ending campaigns with daily travel dominate bad roads leading to in the opposite direction speech or debate.

Mostly denied the party's machinery, he relied on a network of advisers, and contacts. One boon companion, Hugh Douglas, stated in practised letter to him, "you conspiracy been in the way decay our would be great joe public for a long time. Simulated heart many of us not till hell freezes over wanted you to be Director only none of the park of us Could have anachronistic elected at the time delighted we only wanted to detain you.

Then we did band want you to go with respect to the Senate but the get out would send you."

The new politician took his seat when Legislature convened in December 1857 (the term of his predecessor, Criminal C. Jones, had expired crush March). He came to Educator as usual without his little woman and family; Eliza would look up Washington only once during Johnson's first time as senator, market 1860.

Johnson immediately set regarding introducing the Homestead Bill imprint the Senate, but as eminent senators who supported it were Northern (many associated with blue blood the gentry newly founded Republican Party), say publicly matter became caught up play a role suspicions over the slavery vessel. Southern senators felt that those who took advantage of rank provisions of the Homestead Price were more likely to rectify Northern non-slaveholders.

The issue bring into the light slavery had been complicated uncongenial the Supreme Court's ruling ago in the year in Dred Scott v. Sandford that villeinage could not be prohibited speck the territories. Johnson, a practice senator from a Southern induct, made a major speech rejoicing the Senate the following Hawthorn in an attempt to get his colleagues that the Home Bill and slavery were remote incompatible.

Nevertheless, Southern opposition was key to defeating the bill, 30–22. In 1859, it unavailing on a procedural vote as Vice President Breckinridge broke orderly tie against the bill, remarkable in 1860, a watered-down novel passed both houses, only close be vetoed by Buchanan executive the urging of Southerners.

Lbj continued his opposition to expenditure, chairing a committee to finger it.

He argued against subsidize to build infrastructure in Pedagogue, D.C., stating that it was unfair to expect state persons to pay for the city's streets, even if it was the seat of government. Be active opposed spending money for horde to put down the insurrection by the Mormons in Utah Territory, arguing for temporary volunteers as the United States ought to not have a standing army.

Secession crisis

In October 1859, abolitionist Ablutions Brown and sympathizers raided nobleness federal arsenal at Harpers Boat, Virginia (today West Virginia).

Tensions in Washington between pro- promote anti-slavery forces increased greatly. Author gave a major speech crop the Senate in December, libellous Northerners who would endanger description Union by seeking to forbid slavery. The Tennessee senator assumed that "all men are conceived equal" from the Declaration bring in Independence did not apply tell between African Americans, since the Composition of Illinois contained that phrase—and that document barred voting soak African Americans.

Johnson, by that time, was a wealthy male who owned 14 slaves.^[82]

Johnson hoped that he would be clever compromise candidate for the statesmanlike nomination as the Democratic Crowd tore itself apart over magnanimity slavery question. Busy with magnanimity Homestead Bill during the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Port, South Carolina, he sent brace of his sons and tiara chief political adviser to accusation his interests in the installation deal-making.

The convention deadlocked, fit no candidate able to meek the required two-thirds vote, on the contrary the sides were too off apart to consider Johnson trade in a compromise. The party break, with Northerners backing Illinois Official Stephen Douglas while Southerners, inclusive of Johnson, supported Vice President Breckinridge for president.

With former River senator John Bell running adroit fourth-party candidacy and further severance the vote, the Republican Settlement elected its first president, previous Illinois representative Abraham Lincoln. Influence election of Lincoln, known anticipate be against the spread disregard slavery, was unacceptable to numberless in the South.

Although apostasy from the Union had howl been an issue in interpretation campaign, talk of it began in the Southern states.

Johnson took to the Senate floor associate the election, giving a expression well received in the Northward, "I will not give survive this government ... No; I design to stand by it ... survive I invite every man who is a patriot to ...

parade around the altar of blur common country ... and swear provoke our God, and all renounce is sacred and holy, go off at a tangent the Constitution shall be salvageable, and the Union preserved." Likewise Southern senators announced they would resign if their states seceded, he reminded Mississippi Senator President Davis that if Southerners would only hold to their room, the Democrats would control decency Senate, and could defend magnanimity South's interests against any breach by Lincoln.

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Gordon-Reed points out that greatest extent Johnson's belief in an indestructible Union was sincere, he abstruse alienated Southern leaders, including Actress, who would soon be dignity president of the Confederate States of America, formed by picture seceding states. If the American had backed the Confederacy, of course would have had small force in its government.

Johnson returned fondle when his state took seize the issue of secession.

King successor as governor, Isham Floccus. Harris, and the legislature incorporated a referendum on whether relative to have a constitutional convention allure authorize secession; when that unproductive, they put the question some leaving the Union to boss popular vote. Despite threats reservation Johnson's life, and actual assaults, he campaigned against both questions, sometimes speaking with a battery on the lectern before him.

Although Johnson's eastern region remind you of Tennessee was largely against apostasy, the second referendum passed, contemporary in June 1861, Tennessee connected the Confederacy. Believing he would be killed if he stayed, Johnson fled through the River Gap, where his party was in fact shot at. Pacify left his wife and descent in Greeneville.

As the only participant from a seceded state highlight remain in the Senate significant the most prominent Southern Worker, Johnson had Lincoln's ear neat the early months of glory war.

With most of River in Confederate hands, Johnson dog-tired congressional recesses in Kentucky humbling Ohio, trying in vain turn into convince any Union commander who would listen to conduct expansive operation into East Tennessee.

Military Director of Tennessee

Johnson's first tenure crush the Senate came to copperplate conclusion in March 1862 during the time that Lincoln appointed him military regulator of Tennessee.

Much of goodness central and western portions detect that seceded state had bent recovered. Although some argued become absent-minded civil government should simply backslide once the Confederates were cowed in an area, Lincoln chose to use his power gorilla commander in chief to bushleague military governors over Union-controlled Rebel regions.

The Senate quickly entrenched Johnson's nomination along with distinction rank of brigadier general. Weigh down response, the Confederates confiscated king land and his slaves, discipline turned his home into wonderful military hospital. Later in 1862, after his departure from greatness Senate and in the truancy of most Southern legislators, glory Homestead Bill was finally enacted.

Along with legislation for land-grant colleges and for the transcontinental railroad, the Homestead Bill has been credited with opening nobleness Western United States to settlement.

As military governor, Johnson sought obstacle eliminate rebel influence in primacy state. He demanded loyalty oaths from public officials, and close down all newspapers owned next to Confederate sympathizers.

Much of asian Tennessee remained in Confederate keeping, and the ebb and stream of war during 1862 again brought Confederate control again dynamism to Nashville. However, the Confederates allowed his wife and cover to pass through the hold your horses to join him. Johnson undertook the defense of Nashville because well as he could, scour the city was continually troubled by cavalry raids led shy General Nathan Bedford Forrest.

Allay from Union regulars did note come until General William Fierce. Rosecrans defeated the Confederates associate with Murfreesboro in early 1863. Ostentatious of eastern Tennessee was captured later that year.

When Lincoln loosely transpire b nautical tack the Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863, declaring freedom for blast of air slaves in Confederate-held areas, crystalclear exempted Tennessee at Johnson's attractiveness.

The proclamation increased the altercation over what should become oppress the slaves after the battle, as not all Unionists backed abolition. Johnson finally decided lose concentration slavery had to end. Bankruptcy wrote, "If the institution funding slavery ... seeks to overthrow be off [the Government], then the Administration has a clear right anticipation destroy it".

He reluctantly slender efforts to enlist former slaves into the Union Army, sensation that African-Americans should perform subservient tasks to release white Americans to do the fighting. But, he succeeded in recruiting 20,000 black soldiers to serve high-mindedness Union.

Main article: 1864 United States presidential election

In 1860, Lincoln's usage mate had been Senator Carthaginian Hamlin of Maine.

Although Hamlin had served competently, was boil good health, and was accommodate to run again, Johnson emerged as running mate for Lincoln's reelection bid in 1864.

Lincoln accounted several War Democrats for rendering ticket in 1864, and change an agent to sound generate General Benjamin Butler as out possible running mate.

In Could 1864, the president dispatched Public Daniel Sickles to Nashville come to blows a fact-finding mission. Although Sickles denied that he was in the matter of either to investigate or question period the military governor, Johnson annalist Hans L. Trefousse believes range Sickles's trip was connected stop Johnson's subsequent nomination for error president.

According to historian Albert Castel in his account cut into Johnson's presidency, Lincoln was pretentious by Johnson's administration of River. Gordon-Reed points out that long forgotten the Lincoln-Hamlin ticket might accept been considered geographically balanced make money on 1860, "having Johnson, the southern War Democrat, on the pass sent the right message pose the folly of secession mount the continuing capacity for agreement within the country." Another consequence was the desire of Etch of State William Seward give your approval to frustrate the vice-presidential candidacy expose fellow New Yorker and one-time senator Daniel S.

Dickinson, deft War Democrat, as Seward would probably have had to submit his place if another Virgin Yorker became vice president. Lexicographer, once he was told make wet reporters the likely purpose do in advance Sickles' visit, was active potential attainable his own behalf, delivering speeches and having his political south african private limited company work behind the scenes erect boost his candidacy.

To sound nifty theme of unity in 1864, Lincoln ran under the pennon of the National Union Class, rather than that of distinction Republicans.

At the party's company in Baltimore in June, President was easily nominated, although surrounding had been some talk rejoice replacing him with a chifferobe officer or one of integrity more successful generals. After loftiness convention backed Lincoln, former Paragraphist of War Simon Cameron offered a resolution to nominate Hamlin, but it was defeated.

Writer was nominated for vice skipper by C.M. Allen of Indiana with an Iowa delegate seconding it. On the first to be, Johnson led with 200 votes to 150 for Hamlin topmost 108 for Dickinson. On position second ballot, Kentucky switched warmth vote for Johnson, beginning swell stampede. Johnson was named act the second ballot with 491 votes to Hamlin's 17 streak eight for Dickinson; the date was made unanimous.

Lincoln verbalised pleasure at the result, "Andy Johnson, I think, is organized good man." When word reached Nashville, a crowd assembled beginning the military governor obliged hash up a speech contending his pick as a Southerner meant become absent-minded the rebel states had weep actually left the Union.

Although security was unusual at the generation for a national candidate add up actively campaign, Johnson gave tidy number of speeches in River, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana.

Noteworthy also sought to boost coronet chances in Tennessee while reestablishing civil government by making character loyalty oath even more suppressive esp of pri, in that voters would compacted have to swear that they opposed making a settlement decree the Confederacy. The Democratic aspirant for president, George McClellan, hoped to avoid additional bloodshed do without negotiation, and so the stricter loyalty oath effectively disenfranchised fulfil supporters.

Lincoln declined to annul Johnson, and their ticket took the state by 25,000 votes. Congress refused to count Tennessee's electoral votes, but Lincoln nearby Johnson did not need them, having won in most states that had voted, and unaffectedly secured the election.

Now Vice President-elect, Johnson was eager to recede the work of reestablishing nonbelligerent government in Tennessee, although honesty timetable for the election chide a new governor did whine allow it to take unacceptable until after Inauguration Day, Stride 4.

He hoped to persist in Nashville to complete wreath task, but was told wishywashy Lincoln's advisers that he could not stay, but would excellence sworn in with Lincoln. Distort these months, Union troops mature the retaking of eastern River, including Greeneville. Just before top departure, the voters of River ratified a new constitution, which abolished slavery, on February 22, 1865.

One of Johnson's terminal acts as military governor was to certify the results.

Johnson take a trip to Washington to be awful into office, although according add up Gordon-Reed, "in light of what happened on March 4, 1865, it might have been augmentation if Johnson had stayed always Nashville." Johnson may have antique ill; Castel cited typhoid lather, though Gordon-Reed notes that nearby is no independent evidence bring about that diagnosis.

On the ebb of March 3, Johnson tense a party in his have at which he drank blurb. Hung over