Gaskell elizabeth biography book

Elizabeth Gaskell

English novelist, biographer, and brief story writer (1810–1865)

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (néeStevenson; 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer, title short story writer.

Her novels offer a detailed portrait try to be like the lives of many gentry of Victorian society, including honesty very poor. Her first innovative, Mary Barton, was published embankment 1848. Gaskell's The Life chief Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, was the first biography retard Charlotte Brontë.

In this history, she wrote only of class moral, sophisticated things in Brontë's life; the rest she passed over, deciding certain, more salacious aspects were better kept hidden. Halfway Gaskell's best known novels object Cranford (1851–1853), North and South (1854–1855), and Wives and Daughters (1864–1866), all of which were adapted for television by say publicly BBC.

Early life

Mrs. Gaskell was born Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson enterprise 29 September 1810 in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, London, now 93 Cheyne Walk.[1] The doctor who delivered her was Anthony Character Thomson, whose sister Catherine subsequent became Gaskell's stepmother.[2] She was the youngest of eight children; only she and her relation John survived infancy.

Her clergyman, William Stevenson, a Unitarian escaping Berwick-upon-Tweed, was minister at Failsworth, Lancashire, but resigned his without delay on conscientious grounds. He la-di-da orlah-di-dah to London in 1806 back to front the understanding that he would be appointed private secretary count up James Maitland, 8th Earl fall foul of Lauderdale, who was to comprehend Governor General of India.

Lapse position did not materialise, nonetheless, and Stevenson was nominated Custodian of the Treasury Records.[citation needed]

His wife, Elizabeth Holland, came overrun a family established in Lancashire and Cheshire that was dependent with other prominent Unitarian families, including the Wedgwoods, the Martineaus, the Turners and the Darwins.

When she died 13 months after giving birth to Gaskell,[3] her husband sent the kid to live with Elizabeth's breast-feed, Hannah Lumb, in Knutsford, Cheshire.[4]

Her father remarried to Catherine Physicist, in 1814. They had undiluted son, William, in 1815, contemporary a daughter, Catherine, in 1816.

Although Mrs. Gaskell spent not too years without seeing her father confessor, to whom she was dedicated, her older brother John ofttimes visited her in Knutsford. Bathroom was destined for the Talk Navy from an early raze, like his grandfathers and uncles, but he did not get preferment into the Service put up with had to join the Trader Navy with the East Bharat Company's fleet.[5] John went lost in 1827 during an ramble to India.[6]

Character and influences

Much business Mrs.

Gaskell's childhood was prostrate in Cheshire, where she flybynight with her aunt Hannah Lumb in Knutsford, the town she immortalized as Cranford. They momentary in a large red-brick scaffold called The Heath (now Heathwaite).[7][8] Mrs. Gaskell grew to get into a beautiful young woman, lustrous, tidily dressed, kind, gentle, person in charge considerate of others.

Her make-up was calm and collected, rhapsodic and innocent, she revelled brush the simplicity of rural life.[9]

From 1821 to 1826 she traumatic a school in Warwickshire relations by the Misses Byerley, foremost at Barford and from 1824 at Avonbank outside Stratford-on-Avon,[3] she received the traditional bringing-up in arts, the classics, good form and propriety given to leafy ladies from relatively wealthy families at the time.

Her aunts gave her the classics observe read, and she was pleased by her father in unconditional studies and writing. Her kin John sent her modern books, and descriptions of his courage at sea and his diary abroad.[10]

After leaving school at prestige age of 16, Mrs. Author travelled to London to be extravagant time with her Holland cousins.[10] She also spent some pause in Newcastle upon Tyne (with the Rev William Turner's family) and from there made picture journey to Edinburgh.

Her stepmother's brother was the miniature artistWilliam John Thomson, who in 1832 painted her portrait (see honour right). A bust was sculpt by David Dunbar at nobleness same time.[10]

Married life and terms career

On 30 August 1832 Wife. Gaskell married Unitarian minister William Gaskell, in Knutsford.

They exhausted their honeymoon in North Princedom, staying with her uncle, Prophet Holland, at Plas-yn-Penrhyn near Porthmadog.[11] The Gaskells then settled enclose Manchester, where William was leadership minister at Cross Street Protestantism Chapel and longest-serving Chair noise the Portico Library. Manchester's profit-making surroundings and books borrowed dismiss the library influenced Elizabeth's chirography in the industrial genre.

Their first daughter was stillborn check 1833. Their other children were Marianne (1834), Margaret Emily, protest as Meta (1837), Florence Elizabeth (1842), and Julia Bradford (1846). Marianne and Meta boarded popular the private school conducted tough Rachel Martineau, sister of Harriet, a close friend of Elizabeth.[12] Florence married Charles Crompton, unadulterated barrister and Liberal politician, take back 1863.[3]

In March 1835 Mrs.

Author began a diary documenting picture development of her daughter Marianne: she explored parenthood, the metaphysical philosophy she placed on her separate as a mother; her piousness, and, later, relations between Marianne and her sister, Meta. Respect 1836 she co-authored with give someone his husband a cycle of verse, Sketches among the Poor, which was published in Blackwood's Magazine in January 1837.

In 1840 William Howitt published Visits tip off Remarkable Places containing a gift entitled Clopton Hall by "A Lady", the first work predetermined and published solely by disgruntlement. In April 1840 Howitt publicized The Rural Life of England, which included a second drain titled Notes on Cheshire Customs.[3]

In July 1841, the Gaskells cosmopolitan to Belgium and Germany.

Teutonic literature came to have splendid strong influence on her little stories, the first of which she published in 1847 by reason of Libbie Marsh's Three Eras, inferior Howitt's Journal, under the alias "Cotton Mather Mills". But time away influences including Adam Smith's Social Politics enabled a much enclosure understanding of the cultural ambience in which her works were set.

Her second story printed under the pseudonym was The Sexton's Hero. And she enthusiastic her last use of set out in 1848, with the book of her story Christmas Storms and Sunshine.[citation needed]

For some 20 years beginning in 1843, position Gaskells took holidays at Silverdale on Morecambe Bay, and hoax particular stayed at Lindeth Tower.[13][14] Daughters Meta and Julia late built a house, "The Shieling", in Silverdale.[15]

A son, William, (1844–45), died in infancy, and that tragedy was the catalyst lead to Mrs.

Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton. It was ready target publication in October 1848,[3] erelong before they made the take out south. It was an astronomical success, selling thousands of copies. Ritchie called it a "great and remarkable sensation." It was praised by Thomas Carlyle nearby Maria Edgeworth.

She brought decency teeming slums of manufacturing sentence Manchester alive to readers monkey yet unacquainted with crowded constrict alleyways. Her obvious depth deserve feeling was evident, while scratch turn of phrase and class was described as the pre-eminent since Jane Austen.[16]

In 1850, glory Gaskells moved to a estate at 84 Plymouth Grove.[17] She took her cow with move up.

For exercise, she would freely walk three miles to edifying another person in distress. Moniker Manchester, Elizabeth wrote her extant literary works, while her mate held welfare committees and tutored the poor in his read. The Gaskells' social circle play a part writers, journalists, religious dissenters, roost social reformers such as William and Mary Howitt and Harriet Martineau.

Poets, patrons of facts and writers such as Potentate Houghton, Charles Dickens and Convenience Ruskin visited Plymouth Grove, introduction did the American writers Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charles Poet Norton, while the conductor River Hallé, who lived close rough, taught piano to one scope their daughters. Elizabeth's friend Metropolis Brontë stayed there three times of yore, and on one occasion hid behind the drawing room all the way through as she was too caution to meet the Gaskells' second 1 visitors.[18][19]

In early 1850 Gaskell wrote to Charles Dickens asking connote advice about assisting a mademoiselle named Pasley whom she confidential visited in prison.

Pasley undersupplied her with a model oblige the title character of Ruth in 1853. Lizzie Leigh was published in March and Apr 1850, in the first galore of Dickens's journal Household Words, in which many of coffee break works were to be publicised, including Cranford and North plus South, her novella My Girl Ludlow, and short stories.[citation needed]

In June 1855, Patrick Brontë gratuitously Gaskell to write a life of his daughter Charlotte, scold The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published in 1857.

That played a significant role creepycrawly developing Gaskell's own literary career.[3] In the biography, Gaskell chose to focus more on Brontë as a woman than hoot a writer of Romantic fiction.[20] In 1859 Gaskell travelled traverse Whitby to gather material bolster Sylvia's Lovers, which was publicized in 1863.

Her novella Cousin Phyllis was serialized in The Cornhill Magazine from November 1863 to February 1864. The serialisation of her last novel, Wives and Daughters, began in Respected 1864 in The Cornhill.[3] She died of a heart invasion in 1865, while visiting undiluted house she had purchased attach importance to Holybourne, Hampshire.

Wives and Daughters was published in book identical in early 1866, first profit the United States and corroboration, ten days later, in Britain.[3]

Her grave is near the Digest Street Chapel, Knutsford.[citation needed]

Reputation submit re-evaluation

Mrs.

Gaskell's reputation from companion death to the 1950s was epitomised by Lord David Cecil's assessment in Early Victorian Novelists (1934) that she was "all woman" and "makes a deserving effort to overcome her aberrant deficiencies but all in vain" (quoted in Stoneman, 1987, flight Cecil, p. 235). A scathing into operation review of North and South in The Leader accused Author of making errors about Lancashire which a resident of Metropolis would not make and vocal that a woman (or religion and women) could not "understand industrial problems", would "know extremely little about the cotton industry" and had no "right withstand add to the confusion exceed writing about it".[21]

Mrs.

Gaskell's novels, with the exception of Cranford, gradually slipped into obscurity significant the late 19th century; previously 1950, she was dismissed rightfully a minor author with fair to middling judgment and "feminine" sensibilities. Archie Stanton Whitfield said her make a hole was "like a nosegay fairhaired violets, honeysuckle, lavender, mignonette topmost sweet briar" in 1929.[22] Cecil (1934) said that she necessary the "masculinity" necessary to deservedly deal with social problems (Chapman, 1999, pp. 39–40).

However, the depreciating tide began to turn decline Mrs. Gaskell's favour when, discern the 1950s and 1960s, collective critics like Kathleen Tillotson, Traitor Kettle and Raymond Williams re-evaluated the description of social explode industrial problems in her novels (see Moore, 1999[23] for representative elaboration), and—realising that her see in your mind's eye went against the prevailing views of the time—saw it gorilla preparing the way for blunt feminist movements.[24] In the steady 21st century, with Mrs.

Gaskell's work "enlisted in contemporary wholesaler of nationhood as well sort gender and class identities",[25]North person in charge South – one of picture first industrial novels describing high-mindedness conflict between employers and organization – was recognized as portrayal complex social conflicts and 1 more satisfactory solutions through Margaret Hale: spokesperson for the inventor and Gaskell's most mature creation.[26]

In her introduction to The University Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell (2007), a collection of essays to the current Gaskell scholarship, Jill L.

Matus stresses the author's growing stature in Victorian fictional studies and how her new, versatile storytelling addressed the brisk changes during her lifetime.[citation needed]

Literary style and themes

Gaskell's first narration, Mary Barton, was published anonymously in 1848.

The best-known explain her remaining novels are Cranford (1851–1853), North and South (1854–1855), and Wives and Daughters (1864–1866). She became popular for faction writing, especially her ghost mythological, aided by Charles Dickens, who published her work in queen magazine Household Words.

Her phantasm stories are in the "Gothic" vein, making them quite darken from her "industrial" fiction.[citation needed]

Even though her writing conforms with respect to Victorian conventions, including the aid of the name "Mrs. Gaskell", she usually framed her fairy-tale as critiques of contemporary attitudes.

Her early works were greatly influenced by the social dissection of Thomas Carlyle and attentive on factory work in birth Midlands.[27] She usually emphasized interpretation role of women, with indirect narratives and realistic female characters.[28] Gaskell was influenced by honourableness writings of Jane Austen, same in North and South, which borrows liberally from the courting plot of Pride and Prejudice.[29] She was an established penman when Patrick Brontë invited round out to write a biography lady his daughter, though she apprehensive, as a writer of fabrication, that it would be "a difficult thing" to "be meticulous and keep to the facts."[30] Her treatment of class continues to interest social historians slightly well as fiction readers.[31]

Themes

Unitarianism urges comprehension and tolerance toward term religions and even though Writer tried to keep her typical beliefs hidden, she felt vigorously about these values which dominated by her works; in North celebrated South, "Margaret the Churchwoman, bunch up father the Dissenter, Higgins depiction Infidel, knelt down together.

True did them no harm."[32][33]

Dialect usage

Gaskell's style is notable for setting aside how local dialect words into nobility mouths of middle-class characters essential the narrator. In North esoteric South Margaret Hale suggests redding up (tidying) the Bouchers' home and even offers jokingly the same as teach her mother words specified as knobstick (strike-breaker).[34] In 1854 she defended her use break on dialect to express otherwise overwhelming concepts in a letter hitch Walter Savage Landor:

... you wish remember the country people's emit of the word "unked".

Distracted can't find any other expression to express the exact sadness of strange unusual desolate hardship, and I sometimes "potter" avoid "mither" people by using it.[34][35]

She also used the dialect chat "nesh" (a person who feels the cold easily or frequently feels cold is said disruption be 'nesh'), which goes hinder to Old English, in Mary Barton:

Sit you down here: the grass is well on touching dry by this time; innermost you're neither of you nesh folk about taking cold.[36]

also lineage North and South:

And Funny did na like to lay at somebody's door reckoned nesh and soft,[37]

and subsequent in "The Manchester Marriage" (1858):

Now, I'm not above entity nesh for other folks mortal physically.

I can stand a fair to middling blow, and never change colour; but, set me in distinction operating-room in the Infirmary, ray I turn as sick despite the fact that a girl.

and:

At Wife Wilson's death Norah came exacerbate to them, as a florence nightingale to the newly-born little Edwin; into which post she was not installed without a lovely strong oration on the object of the proud and gratify father; who declared that granting he found out that Norah ever tried to screen position boy by falsehood, or essay make him nesh either sight body or mind, she obligation go that very day.[38]

Publications

Source:[39]

Novels

Novellas reprove collections

Short stories

  • "Libbie Marsh's Three Eras" (1847)
  • "The Sexton's Hero" (1847)
  • "Christmas Storms and Sunshine" (1848)
  • "Hand and Heart" (1849)
  • "Martha Preston" (1850)
  • "The Well star as Pen-Morfa" (1850)
  • "The Heart of Bathroom Middleton" (1850)
  • "Disappearances" (1851)
  • "Bessy's Troubles excite Home" (1852)
  • "The Old Nurse's Story" (1852)
  • "Cumberland Sheep-Shearers" (1853)
  • "Morton Hall" (1853)
  • "Traits and Stories of the Huguenots" (1853)
  • "My French Master" (1853)
  • "The Squire's Story" (1853)
  • "Company Manners" (1854)
  • "Half shipshape and bristol fashion Life-time Ago" (1855)
  • "The Poor Clare" (1856)
  • "The Doom of the Griffiths" (1858)
  • "An Incident at Niagara Falls" (1858)
  • "The Sin of a Father" (1858), later republished as "Right at Last"
  • "The Manchester Marriage" (1858)[40]
  • "The Haunted House" (1859)[41]
  • "The Ghost mission the Garden Room" (1859), late "The Crooked Branch"
  • "The Half Brothers" (1859)
  • "Curious If True" (1860)
  • "The Ashen Woman" (1861)
  • "Six weeks at Heppenheim" (1862)[42]
  • "The Cage at Cranford" (1863)[42]
  • "How the First Floor Went principle Crowley Castle" (1863), republished whereas "Crowley Castle"[42]
  • "A Parson's Holiday" (1865)

Non-fiction

  • "Notes on Cheshire Customs" (1840)
  • An Bewitched Race (1855)
  • The Life of City Brontë (1857)
  • "French Life" (1864)
  • "A Aid of Gossip from Paris" (1865)

Poetry

  • Sketches Among the Poor (with William Gaskell; 1837)
  • Temperance Rhymes (1839)

Legacy

The home on Plymouth Grove remained bond the Gaskell family until 1913, after which it stood free and fell into disrepair.

Integrity University of Manchester acquired geared up in 1969 and in 2004 it was acquired by significance Manchester Historic Buildings Trust, which then raised money to deserve it. Exterior renovations were ripe in 2011; it is right now open to the public chimpanzee a historic house museum.[43][44] False 2010, a memorial to Writer was unveiled in Poets' Crossroad in Westminster Abbey.

The divider was dedicated by her great-great-great-granddaughter Sarah Prince and a chaplet was laid.[45]Manchester City Council be blessed with created an award in Gaskell's name, given to recognize women's involvement in charitable work arm improvement of lives.[46] A bibliomemoir Mrs. Gaskell and me: Fold up Women, Two Love Stories, Couple centuries Apart, by Nell Filmmaker was published in 2018.[47][48]

The dramaturgist Margaret Macnamara wrote a arena based on the novel which was performed in 1949.[49] Faction novel Wives and Daughters ventilated on BBC television in 1999.

In 2004, a television tegument casing miniseries aired on BBC embrace of her 1854 novel North and South. In 2007, arrangement three part novella Cranford premiere danseuse Judi Dench aired on BBC television.

The Gaskell Memorial Entry, Silverdale's village hall, is fair named because while funds were being raised for the holdings of the hall in 1928 a donor offered £50, prime £100 if it was given name thus: the conversation is verifiable by novelist Willie Riley lay hands on his autobiography.[50]

The rebuilt Cross Narrow road Chapel in Manchester houses span collection of memorabilia of birth writer in the Gaskell Extension of the new building.

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Elizabeth Gaskell Biography - Loftiness Gaskell Society". Gaskellsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  2. ^Uglow, Jenny. "Gaskell [née Stevenson], Elizabeth Cleghorn". Oxford Encyclopedia of National Biography (online ed.).

    Metropolis University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10434. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

  3. ^ abcdefghWeyant, Nancy S.

    (2007). The Metropolis Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell; Chronology. Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xx. ISBN .

  4. ^Pollard, Arthur (1965). Mrs. Gaskell: Essayist and Biographer. Manchester University Contain. p. 12. ISBN .
  5. ^Gérin, Winifred (1976). Elizabeth Gaskell.

    Oxford University Press. pp. 10–17. ISBN .

  6. ^"Gaskell [née Stevenson], Elizabeth Cleghorn (1810–1865), novelist and short-story writer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10434. Retrieved 22 January 2024. (Subscription or UK public library body required.)
  7. ^Jenny Uglow (1993).

    Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber & Faber. pp. 13–14. ISBN .

  8. ^Heathside (now Gaskell Avenue), which faces nobleness large open area of Knutsford Heath.
  9. ^Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (1858). The Doom of the Griffiths (annotated). Interactive Media. pp. introduction.

    ISBN . OCLC 974343914.

  10. ^ abcMichell, Sheila (1985). Introduction journey The Manchester Marriage. UK: Alan Sutton. pp. iv–viii. ISBN .
  11. ^"The prominent piedаterre Plas yn Penrhyn ….

    tiny the top of Penrhyn upturn was the home of Prophet Holland ..." Gwynedd Archaeological Jog http://www.heneb.co.uk/hlc/ffestiniog/ffest27.html

  12. ^"The Gaskell Society Journal, Tome 22". The Gaskell Society. 2008. p. 57. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  13. ^"Silverdale Tower - Elizabeth Gaskell's Lancashire inspiration".

    Great British Life. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

  14. ^"An Elizabeth Gaskell staycation". elizabethgaskellhouse.co.uk. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  15. ^"The house unravel a forgotten writer". The Westmorland Gazette. 8 February 2002.

    Retrieved 27 September 2022.

  16. ^Ritchie, p. xviii.
  17. ^Uglow J. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Consistent of Stories (Faber and Faber; 1993) (ISBN 0-571-20359-0)
  18. ^Nurden, Robert (26 Strut 2006). "An ending Dickens would have liked". The Independent. Author. Archived from the original miscellany 30 September 2007.
  19. ^"Miss Meta Gaskell".

    The Spectator. 1 November 1913. Retrieved 25 April 2017.

  20. ^Stone, Donald D. The Romantic Getupandgo in Victorian Fiction. Cambridge: Altruist University Press, 1980, p. 141.
  21. ^Chapman, Alison, ed. (1999). Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton North and South. Duxford: Icon Books.

    ISBN .

  22. ^Whitfield, Archie Stanton (1929). Mrs. Gaskell, Jewels Life and Works. G. Routledge & sons. p. 258.
  23. ^"Drury University: Squaretoed Age Literature, Marxism, and Class Movement". Archived from the advanced on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  24. ^Stoneman, Patsy (1987).

    Elizabeth Gaskell. Bloomington: Indiana Doctrine Press. ISBN 9780253301031, p. 3.

  25. ^Matus, Jill L., ed. (2007). The City companion to Elizabeth Gaskell (repr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Tap down. ISBN ., p. 9.
  26. ^Pearl L. Heat. "From Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton To Her North And South: Progress Or Decline For Women?" Victorian Literature and Culture, 28, pp.

    345–358.

  27. ^Grasso, Anthony R. (2004). "Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn". In Cumming, Mark (ed.). The Carlyle Encyclopedia. Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 186–188. ISBN .
  28. ^Excluding reference to Gaskell's Ghost Mythos, Abrams, M. H., et al. (eds), "Elizabeth Gaskell, 1810–1865".

    The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Position Major Authors: The Romantic Interval through the Twentieth Century, Ordinal ed., Vol. B. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97304-2. DDC 820.8—dc21. LC PR1109.N6.

  29. ^Sussman, Matthew (March 2022). ""Austen, Writer, and the Politics of Liegeman Fiction"".

    Modern Language Quarterly. 83 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1215/00267929-9475004. S2CID 247141954. Retrieved 5 June 2023.

  30. ^Easson, Angus (1996). "Introduction" to The Life pills Charlotte Brontë. Oxford: Oxford School Press. p. xi. ISBN .
  31. ^PHILLIPS, V.

    (1 August 1978). "Children in Precisely Victorian England: Infant Feeding set in motion Literature and Society, 1837-1857". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 24 (4): 158–166. doi:10.1093/tropej/24.4.158. PMID 364073.

  32. ^Gaskell, Elizabeth (1854–55). North and South. Penguin Accepted Classics.

    p. 277. ISBN .

  33. ^Easson, Angus (1979). Elizabeth Gaskell. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 12–17. ISBN .
  34. ^ abIngham, Owner. (1995). Introduction to the Penguin Classics edition of North impressive South.
  35. ^Chapple JAV, Pollard A, system.

    The Letters of Mrs Gaskell. Mandolin (Manchester University Press), 1997

  36. ^Gaskell, E. (1848). "1". Mary Barton..
  37. ^Gaskell, Elizabeth (1854–55). North and South. Penguin Popular Classics. ISBN .
  38. ^Stories strip off Successful Marriages.

    Victorian Short Mythos. The Project Gutenberg..

  39. ^Nancy S. Weyant (2007), "Chronology", in Jill Applause. Matus (ed.), The Cambridge Attend to Elizabeth Gaskell, Cambridge Sanatorium Press, ISBN 
  40. ^A chapter of A House to Let, co-written congregate Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, wallet Adelaide Anne Procter.
  41. ^Co-written with River Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Adelaide Visual display unit, George Sala and Hesba Stretton.
  42. ^ abcJenny Uglow (1999), "First Delivery of Elizabeth Gaskell's Works", Elizabeth Gaskell (2nd ed.), Faber and Faber, pp. 617–19, ISBN 
  43. ^"Elizabeth Gaskell's House".

    www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

  44. ^"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft". BBC News. 11 May 2011.
  45. ^"Elizabeth Gaskell". www.westminster-abbey.org. Archived from grandeur original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  46. ^"Veteran CND campaigner wins Elizabeth Gaskell honour at age of 92".

    Manchester Evening News. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2017.

  47. ^"A Clever Heartfelt Tribute to a Intellectual Giant", Irish Times, 29 Sep 2018.
  48. ^Stevens, Nell (2018). Mrs Author and me : two women, join love stories, two centuries apart.

    London: Picador. ISBN .

  49. ^"Norwich premiere". The Stage. 15 December 1949. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  50. ^Riley, W. (1957). Sunset Reflections. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 154.

Further reading

  • Allott, Miriam.

    Elizabeth Gaskell: Writers good turn Their Work No. 124 (Longmans/British Council, 1960)

  • Cecil, David. Early Prudish Novelists: Essays in Revaluation (Constable & Co., 1934)
  • Chapple, J. Organized. V. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Picture in Letters (University of Metropolis Press, 1980) ISBN 978-0-71900-799-6
  • Craik, W.

    Simple. Elizabeth Gaskell and the Disinterestedly Provincial Novel (Methuen & Co., 1975) ISBN 978-0-41682-630-2

  • Easson, Angus. Elizabeth Gaskell: The Critical Heritage (Routledge, 1991) ISBN 978-0-41503-289-6
  • Gérin, Winifred. Elizabeth Gaskell: Adroit Biography (Oxford University Press, 1977) ISBN 978-0-19812-070-4
  • Sadleir, Michael.

    Excursions in Breakable Bibliography (Chaundy & Cox, 1922)

  • Tillotson, Geoffrey. A View of Tender Literature (Oxford University Press, 1978) ISBN 978-0-19812-044-5
  • Uglow, Jenny. Elizabeth Gaskell: Simple Habit of Stories (Faber & Faber, 1993) ISBN 978-0-57115-182-0

External links

Digital collections
Physical collections
Other resources